RESUMO -Foram avaliados o consumo e a produção de leite de cabras recebendo dietas contendo farelo de cacau (FC) ou torta de dendê (TD) em substituição ao milho e ao farelo de soja da ração concentrada. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras da raça Saanen, com produção média diária de 2,0 kg de leite e aos 60 dias de lactação, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 14 dias, em que os dez primeiros foram destinados à adaptação e os quatro últimos, à coleta de amostras. As rações foram isoprotéicas, com 13,2% de proteína bruta. As dietas constituíram-se de 36% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 64% de concentrado na matéria seca. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrado à base de milho e soja com 0, 15 e 30% de FC ou TD. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, nutrientes digestíveis totais, carboidratos totais e carboidratos não-fibrosos reduziram com a inclusão de 30% de FC. Os consumos de fibra em detergente neutro e extrato etéreo (EE) não foram alterados pelas dietas. O consumo de fibra em detergente ácido diferiu apenas entre os tratamentos com 30% de TD e 30% de FC, sendo 0,94 e 0,59% do peso vivo animal, respectivamente. O tratamento com 30% de FC proporcionou menor produção de leite (1,208 kg/dia), se assemelhando apenas ao tratamento com inclusão de 30% de TD quando a produção foi corrigida para 3,5% de gordura. O FC e a TD apresentam viabilidade de uso como alternativa na dieta de cabras em lactação em até 9,13 e 18,81% da matéria seca, respectivamente.Palavras chave: caprino, subprodutos, leite de cabra Effects of Feeding Cocoa Meal (Theobroma cacao L.) and Palm Kernel Cake (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) on Milk Intake and Yield for Lactating GoatsABSTRACT -The effects of replacing corn and soybean meal with cocoa meal (CF) or palm kernel cake (PKC) in the concentrate on milk intake and yield of goats were evaluated. Five Saanen goats, averaging 2 kg daily milk yield at 60 days of lactation, were assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square experimental design. The experiment lasted 14 days, with 10 days for adaptation period and four days for sample collection. Diets contained: 36% of roughage (corns silage) and 64% of concentrate, dry matter basis, formulated toyield 13.2% of crude protein. The treatments were as follows: 0, 15 and 30% CF or PKC, all with concentrate (corn and soybean meal). Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates and nonfiber carbohydrates intakes decreased as affected by the highest replacement level (30% CF). No significant differences on neutral detergent fiber and ether extract intake were observed. Acid detergent fiber intake differed only between 30% PKC and 30% CF-based diets, with 0.94 and 0.59% body weight, respectively. The 30% CFbased diet showed lower milk production value, as kg/dia (1.208 kg), but similar to 30% PKC-based diet, when corrected for 3.5% fat. Replacing corn and soybean with CF and PKC in the diet of lactating goats is viable up to 9.13 and 18.81% dry matter, res...

An increased risk of acidosis in animals is associated with a high dry matter intake (DMI), which in turn results in the consumption of more fermentable organic matter (OM) in the rumen leading to a high production of volatile fatty acids (VFA). This is observed in lactating dairy cows and animals in a feedlot. Acute acidosis occurs when there is a severe drop in the pH of the rumen. A prolonged period when pH of in rumen remains low, it leads to sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA), which is a temporary imbalance between acid production and absorption. An associated change of an acute increase in the ruminal osmolarity and the accumulation of glucose and lactate in its stereoisomeric forms (D-lactate and L-lactate), is observed in the rumen fluid. However, in the sub-acute form, the accumulation of lactic acid occurs in the rumen. To a great extent, these changes in the rumen are due to high concentrations of VFA. The best way to avoid problems with ruminal acidosis is an adequate supply of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the diet, preferentially with large particle size and length to stimulate rumination and consequently greater buffering efficiency, thus maintaining the balance between pH and microorganisms in the rumen.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de dietas, contendo farelo de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) ou torta de dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), em substituição parcial ao concentrado à base de milho e farelo de soja, na alimentação de cabras lactantes. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras da raça Saanen, aos 60 dias de lactação, em experimento delineado em quadrado latino 5x5, com duração de 14 dias, dos quais 10 dias de adaptação e quatro para coleta dos dados. As dietas, formuladas para possibilitar produção de 2 kg de leite por dia, constituíram-se de 36% de volumoso e 64% de concentrado. Utilizou-se, como volumoso, a silagem de milho e concentrado padrão, com substituição de 0%, 15% e 30% pelo farelo de cacau ou torta de dendê. Houve redução na digestibilidade real da proteína bruta, com a inclusão do farelo de cacau, a 15% e 30%. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente, do extrato etéreo das dietas com 30% de torta de dendê, foi maior que o de 15% de farelo de cacau. Os subprodutos, em razão da digestibilidade aparente, apresentam viabilidade de uso, como alternativa na dieta de cabras em lactação.Termos para indexação: caprino, resíduos, subprodutos. Apparent digestibility of diets containing cocoa meal and palm kernel cake in lactating goatsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate nutrients apparent digestibility of diets containing cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) meal or palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cake, which partially replaced corn and soybean meal concentrate in lactating goats feeding. Five Saanen goats, in 60 days of lactation, were used in a 5x5 latin square experimental design, during 14 days, comprehending an adaptation period of 10 days and four days for data collection. Diets formulated to allow milk production of 2 kg day -1 consisted of 36% roughage and 64% concentrate. The roughage used was corn silage and 0%, 15% and 30% of cocoa meal or palm kernel cake substituted the standard concentrate. There was reduction of crude protein real digestibility with inclusion of cocoa meal (15% and 30%). The ether extract apparent digestibility coefficient of diets, with 30% palm kernel cake, was greater than that of 15% cocoa meal. The by-products have potential as alternative feed for lactating goats, based on their apparent digestibility.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of different percentages of urea or calcium oxide (CaO) on the fermentative characteristics and chemical composition of the by-product of sweet corn silage, without whole kernel corn. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two additives (CaO or urea) and five inclusion levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% in natural matter of by-product of sweet corn silage). There was interaction between the type of additives and addition levels (CaO or urea) for pH values (P < 0.05). The mean pH values ranged from 3.40 to 5.36 in the additive silage. For effluent production, the additive type interaction and addition levels were significant (P < 0.05). The addition of CaO independent of the level used was not effective in reducing dry matter (DM) losses during ensilage. The total losses of DM presented a significant increase with the levels of addition of CaO, varying from 91 to 177% in relation to the control silage. The addition of urea to all levels had a satisfactory effect on the total loss of DM, ranging from 38 to 69% improvement in the reduction in relation to the control silage. The additive CaO was not efficient in reducing the fermentation losses and preserving the silage. However, urea was efficient in the recovery of DM in the ensilage process.

ABSTRACT. This experiment evaluated the effect of molasses with or without microbial additive on soybean silage regarding the intake, digestibility and growth performance of beef cattle. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with four treatments (diets with soybean silage (SS), SS with microbial inoculant, SS with molasses and SS with microbial inoculant and molasses) and seven replications. Animal were feedlot fed for 99 days. Diets contained forage: concentrate ratio of 70:30, the forage consisted of 40% soybean silage and 30% corn silage. There was lower intake of nutrients in the diet containing SS in relation to the SS diet added with inoculant and molasses. The diet containing SS with inoculant and molasses presented higher apparent digestibility for DM, CP, NDF, ADF, and NFC. Feed conversion, average daily gain and carcass gain were not influenced by the diets, with mean values of 5.90; 1.49 and 0,91 kg dayrespectively. The addition of molasses combined or not with bacterial inoculant to soybean at the time of ensiling has no effect on the performance of beef cattle, although favoring the intake and digestibility of nutrients.Keywords: digestibility, feedlot, intake, microbial inoculant, molasses.Silagem de soja na dieta de bovino de corte RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de melaço e ou aditivo microbiano na ensilagem de soja sobre o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e desempenho produtivo de bovinos de corte. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (dietas com silagem de soja (SS), SS com inoculante microbiano, SS com melaço e SS com inoculante microbiano e melaço) e sete repetições. Os animais foram confinados por um período de 99 dias. As dietas continham relação volumoso:concentrado de 70:30, sendo o volumoso 40% de silagem de soja e 30% de silagem de milho. Observou-se menor consumo de nutrientes na dieta contendo SS em relação à dieta SS com inoculante e melaço. Na dieta contendo SS com inoculante e melaço, foram observadas maiores digestibilidades aparentes para MS, PB, FDN, FDA e CNF. A conversão alimentar, o ganho médio diário e o ganho de carcaça não foram influenciados pelas dietas, registrando-se valores médios de 5,90; 1,49 e 0,91 kg dia -1 , respectivamente. Conclui-se, que a adição de melaço na presença ou não de inoculante bacteriano à soja por ocasião da ensilagem, não afeta o desempenho de bovinos de corte, embora favoreça o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes.Palavras-chave: digestibilidade, consumo, confinamento, aditivo microbiano, melaço.