Publication of a late Middle Kingdom stela Cairo JE 86119, probably from Wadi el-Hudi. This small monument consists of a curious statue representation accompanied by a brief autobiography. The inscription describes new aspects of Egyptian activities in the wadi, mentioning the presence of rntyw to praise Hathor in a temple in the area and there is a reference to thirst. This study analyses the iconography, the text and the title (iry_rt n pr-bd> of its owner, and the stela and its dedicant are placed within the context of cult, pious actions, ethics and social effectiveness.
En el patio de la tumba de Djehuty (TT 11) se encuentran los dos himnos en escritura criptográfica más antiguos que se conocen y que están siendo estudiados actualmente por el autor dentro del marco del "Proyecto Djehuty". En el presente trabajo se analiza su contenido y, sobre todo, sus posibles funciones y contextos tanto en la tumba como en el ámbito cultural de la elite en el que se crearon: aquél del reinado conjunto de Tutmés III-Hatshepsut. Dicho estudio muestra que tanto en su forma como en su contenido los himnos están en estrecha conexión con el Zeitgeist de ese período -marcado por un equilibrio entre tendencias arcaizantes e innovadorasy con la manifestación, a través del ingenio y la originalidad, de las capacidades del propietario de la tumba. The cryptographic hymns of the Tomb of Djehuty (TT 11). Possible functions and contextsThe oldest Egyptian cryptographic hymns are located in the courtyard of the tomb of Djehuty (TT 11). The present study analyzes their contents, currently under study by the Spanish mission working at Dra Abu el-Naga (TT 11), and particularly their functions and contexts within the tomb and in the elite cultural circles where they were composed during the joint reign of Thutmoses III-Hatshepsut. Their themes and forms of expression indicate that these hymns were closely related to their contemporary Zeitgeist -marked by a balance between archaizing and innovative trends-and the reflection, by means of personal originality and wit, of the intellectual capacities of the tomb owner.
The present study analyses two epithets related to the Egyptian activities abroad: “who brings the produce from the foreign countries” (inn(.w) xr(y.w)t m xAs.wt) and its variants, and “who places the fear of Horus in the foreign countries” (dd(.w) nrw Hrw m xAs.wt). As with other Old Kingdom epithets, they have generally been overlooked as informative data on the administrative roles and vital experiences of their holders. In order to evaluate their potential significance as sources of information, both expressions are brought into connection with the titles of their holders and related biographical accounts. As a result, the epithets become complementary data that help to profile the actual functions and actions of these officials. For the sake of completion, certain titles related to the acquisition of intelligence are also included in this study. Moreover, further thoughts on the possible origins and values of Old Kingdom epithets are also presentedKeywords: Epithets, Ancient Egypt, Old Kingdom, intelligence, foreign policy, inter-regional trade, diplomacy, administration.ResumenEl presente trabajo estudia dos epítetos asociados a las actividades egipcias en el extranjero: “quien trae los productos de las tierras extranjeras” (inn(.w) xr(y.w)t m xAs.wt) y otras expresiones similares, y “quien pone el terror que inspira Horus en las tierras extranjeras” (dd(.w) nrw Hrw m xAs.wt). Como notros epítetos del Reino Antiguo, éstos han sido habitualmente infravalorados como información efectiva sobre las funciones administrativas y las vivencias de quienes los detentaron. Para valorar su posible importancia como fuentes de información, ambos epítetos se han estudiado junto con los títulos y textos biográficos de sus poseedores. El resultado es que ambas expresiones son relevantes para entender y precisar mejor las responsabilidades y acciones de dichos oficiales en el extranjero. En aras de una mayor exhaustividad, también se analizan algunos títulos relacionados con el servicio de inteligencia durante este período. Por último, se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre los posibles orígenes y significados de los epítetos durante el Reino Antiguo.Palabras clave: Epítetos, Egipto antiguo, Reino Antiguo, servicio de inteligencia, política exterior, comercio exterior, diplomacia, administración.
Papyrus ( Cyperus papyrus ) grows in quiet and shallow river waters in Africa, the Mediterranean basin, and the Near East. During the Pharaonic and Greco‐Roman periods, this reed was common along the Nile Valley. It was a versatile plant that had many uses, the most notable of which was its use as a writing material.
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