Tarwi is an Andean grain, belonging to the legume group and is characterised by its high protein content, exceeding that reported in soybeans being an interesting resource for obtaining bioactive peptides. The tarwi protein hydrolysate (TPH) obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase (60 min) followed by Neutrase (120 min) presented important multifunctional properties to cope with oxidative stress, hypertension and diabetes. After concentration and purification process the most active fraction containing the highest antioxidant, antihypertensive (inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme I, ACE) and antidiabetic (inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV) properties were found in the low-molecular weight peptide fraction. Thus, this last fraction was subjected to a de novo sequencing LC-MS/MS analysis yielding the identification of 25 peptides, with potential activities as ACE and DPP IV inhibitors and antioxidative according to BIOPEP database. Of these, four novel peptides: AVPFWM, YSGWLGL, AHAGFGMLY and FFSMKVM, stood out for their relatively high scores in bioactivity predicted by Peptide Ranker, additionally the structure-activity evaluation performed on them, supported the predicted antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties. These results demonstrated that TPH might be considered a potential source of peptides with multifunctional bioactive properties with possibilities of application in the food and nutraceutical sectors.

This work evaluated the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of avocados cv. Hass stored at 7 ± 0.5 °C for 10, 20, and 30 d, and at the stage of edible ripeness. The enzymatic antioxidant enzyme system included superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and the non-enzymatic antioxidant system was composed of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total carotenoids (TC), α-, β-, and γ-tocopherols, as well as hydrophilic (H-AOX) and lipophilic (L-AOX) antioxidant activities. In addition, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities, TBARS values and pulp browning area were determined. At edible ripeness, low SOD and POD but higher CAT activities were evidenced in response to their joint participation in the oxidative stress developed. In addition, low content of γ-tocopherol and higher contents of TPC and TC were evidenced and suggest their individual or joint participation in defense against oxidation. The other compounds and activities evaluated tended to remain constant. Oxidative damage was evidenced by the increase in PPO activity and TBARS values, while LOX did not play a significant role. Pulp browning area did not surpass 6% in affected fruit. The results indicate that under these conditions oxidative stress was largely restrained by the endogenous fruit antioxidant defense system.

Some bioactive compounds in paico (Dysphania ambrosioides) leaves were characterised. By LC-MS/MS-QToF, 20 polyphenols were found: vanillic acid, one p-coumaroyl-hexoside acid derivative, three quercetin-rhamnoside derivatives, one quercetin derivative, two kaempferol acetyl-furanoside-rhamnoside derivatives and twelve kaempferol-rhamnoside derivatives. The content of total phenolic compounds was 645.11 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) of which the highest content corresponded to kaempferol glycosides. Likewise, in the analysis of terpenes, a-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, thymol, c-terpinene, carvacrol, isoascaridol and a-pinene were found in amounts of 1489.65; 313.1; 104.8; 49.4; 45.1; 22.9; 8.19 and 4.32 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Analysis of lipophilic metabolites reported fatty acids in order of importance: linoleic = linolenic > palmitic > oleic (35.8; 35.4; 26.3 and 2.5%, respectively). a-, b-, cand dtocopherols were found in amounts of 28.78, 7.19, 7.96 and 3.27 lg g À1 , respectively. It is concluded that paico leaves of Peruvian origin present a varied source of bioactive compounds with potential applications for the pharmaceutical and food industry.

SummaryThe present research aimed to evaluate three peptides synthesised from tarwi: AVPFWM, YSGWLGL and AHAGFGMLY in their antioxidant, antihypertensive and hypoglycemic properties, using in vitro and in silico studies, this last one considering the molecular docking evaluation and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) properties. The in vitro results found ABTS and ORAC antioxidant capacity values between 2.12 and 3.94 and 1.64 and 3.10 μmol TE/μmol of peptide, respectively, while the IC50 values for angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) inhibition ranged between 0.14 and 6.38 μM and 16.4 and 1140.0 μM, respectively. The molecular docking study performed between peptides and ACE and DPP‐IV enzymes, showed affinity towards both enzymes establishing molecular interactions at the level of the active site of both enzymes through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. This study together with the in vitro study highlight the YSGWLGL peptide for the favourable results found. Finally, the predicted ADMET properties of the three peptides suggest that they have the potential for absorption, appropriate distribution, no participation in the metabolism of P450 enzymes and no toxicity concerns. It is concluded that tarwi peptides may be a valuable source for developing nutraceuticals, functional ingredients or supplements.