Background Self-management (SM) interventions are supportive interventions systematically provided by healthcare professionals, peers, or laypersons to increase the skills and confidence of patients in their ability to manage chronic diseases. We had two objectives: (1) to summarise the preferences and experiences of patients and their caregivers (informal caregivers and healthcare professionals) with SM in four chronic diseases and (2) to identify and describe the relevant outcomes for SM interventions from these perspectives. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods scoping review of reviews. We searched three databases until December 2020 for quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods reviews exploring patients' and caregivers' preferences or experiences with SM in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart failure (HF). Quantitative data were narratively synthesised, and qualitative data followed a three-step descriptive thematic synthesis. Identified themes were categorised into outcomes or modifiable factors of SM interventions. Results We included 148 reviews covering T2DM (n = 53 [35.8%]), obesity (n = 20 [13.5%]), COPD (n = 32 [21.6%]), HF (n = 38 [25.7%]), and those with more than one disease (n = 5 [3.4%]). We identified 12 main themes. Eight described the process of SM (disease progression, SM behaviours, social support, interaction with healthcare professionals, access to healthcare, costs for patients, culturally defined roles and perceptions, and health knowledge), and four described their experiences with SM interventions (the perceived benefit of the intervention, individualised care, sense of community with peers, and usability of equipment). Most themes and subthemes were categorised as outcomes of SM interventions. Conclusion The process of SM shaped the perspectives of patients and their caregivers on SM interventions. Their perspectives were influenced by the perceived benefit of the intervention, the sense of community with peers, the intervention's usability, and the level of individualised care. Our findings can inform the selection of patient-important outcomes, decisionmaking processes, including the formulation of recommendations, and the design and implementation of SM interventions.

This article discusses the use of Facebook in relation to grief by women who have lost a loved one. Qualitative research was carried out using a phenomenological-hermeneutic method, in which 29 bereaved women were interviewed. The results indicate that Facebook is a platform for emotional expression and for seeking support. This research contributes to the understanding of communicative practices in digital media, which blur the boundaries between what is private and public during moments of crisis.

This research aims to analyze the interactions related to the identification and validation of grief in Facebook groups whose purpose is to give support to those who are grieving. A qualitative content analysis of 1,816 comments in three Facebook groups on mourning, published between February 23 and March 23, 2020, was conducted. The comments were grouped into 456 digital interactions between group members, from which the analytic categories “identification with other‘s grief” and “validation of other‘s grief“ were constructed. Among the results of the research, it was found that identification with grief among users of the social network is a recurrent type of emotional support. Identification generates the perception that one‘s own emotional experiences related to grief are shared with others. Validation of grief is another form of support, as it invites users to express their emotions and recognize the grief involved in the mourning process. These two processes, identification and, validation, are at the core of the guidance that users are offered to mitigate their grief. Online groups provide an opportunity for people going through similar experiences of grief to find shared expressions of identification with and validation of their grief, which are fundamental processes of social support.

Influencia del ph salival en la estabilidad del color de diferentes resinas fluidas: estudio in vitro Influence of salivary PH in color stability of different flowable resins: In vitro study RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la estabilidad del color de dos diferentes tipos de resina fluida al ser inmersas en saliva artificial con tres pH diferentes, empleando colorímetro digital Vita Easy-shade. Materiales y métodos: Se plantea un estudio experimental, comparativo e in vitro utilizando 90 discos construidos a partir de dos marcas de resina fluida de 10mm de diámetro y 1 mm de espesor, fotopolimerizados mediante una misma lámpara, tras su confección fueron mantenidos en agua destilada y realizado un primer registro de color utilizando colorímetro digital Easy-shade, las muestras fueron divididas en tres grupos y a su vez en tres subgrupos, pasando a ser sumergidas en saliva artificial con pH diferente de 5, 6 y 7 respectivamente durante 7 días, realizando una nueva toma de color mediante colorímetro digital, posteriormente las muestras fueron sumergidas en zumo de remolacha como agente pigmentante, durante 24 horas tras este periodo fueron lavadas para eliminar residuos del pigmento y realizada una tercera toma de color. Resultados: Mayor cambio de color se produjo en los discos que fueron sometidos a saliva artificial con pH 5 (p=0,000), los menores cambios de color se presentaron en los discos que fueron sumergidos en saliva artificial con pH 7. Conclusiones: El pH salival 5 o ácido, provocó mayor cambio en cuanto al color sin diferencia significativa entre los materiales probados.