DNA vaccines have many potential benefits but have failed to generate robust immune responses in humans. Recently, methods such as in vivo electroporation have demonstrated improved performance, but an optimal strategy for safe, reproducible, and pain-free DNA vaccination remains elusive. Here we report an approach for rapid implantation of vaccine-loaded polymer films carrying DNA, immune-stimulatory RNA, and biodegradable polycations into the immune-cell-rich epidermis, using microneedles coated with releasable polyelectrolyte multilayers. Films transferred into the skin following brief microneedle application promoted local transfection and controlled the persistence of DNA and adjuvants in the skin from days to weeks, with kinetics determined by the film composition. These “multilayer tattoo” DNA vaccines induced immune responses against a model HIV antigen comparable to electroporation in mice, enhanced memory T-cell generation, and elicited 140-fold higher gene expression in non-human primate skin than intradermal DNA injection, indicating the potential of this strategy for enhancing DNA vaccination.

Purpose: Recent international conference presentations have critiqued the promotion of fundamental movement skills (FMS) as a primary pedagogical focus. Presenters have called for a debate about the importance of, and rationale for teaching FMS, and this letter is a response to that call. The authors of this letter are academics who actively engage in FMS research. Method: We have answered a series of contentions about the promotion of FMS using the peer reviewed literature to support our perspective. Results: We define what we mean by FMS, discuss the context of what skills can be considered fundamental, discuss how the development of these skills is related to broader developmental health contexts, and recommend the use of different pedagogical approaches when teaching FMS. Conclusion: We conclude the promotion of FMS is an important focus in Physical Education (PE) and sport and provide future research questions for investigation.

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Wall conditioning techniques applicable in the presence of permanent toroidal magnetic field will be required for the operation of ITER, in particular for recovery from disruptions, vent and air leak, isotopic ratio control, recycling control and mitigation of the tritium inventory build-up. Ion Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) is one of the most promising options and has been the subject of considerable recent study on current tokamaks. This paper reports on the findings of such studies performed on European tokamaks, covering a range of plasma-facing materials: TORE SUPRA, TEXTOR, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. IntroductionIn ITER and future fusion devices, the magnetic field, generated by superconducting coils, will be continuously maintained. In the presence of such a magnetic field, conventional DC-glow discharges are unstable and can therefore no longer be used between ohmic plasma pulses. During the non-active He or H phase of ITER, with divertor targets made of carbonfibre composite (CFC), interpulse wall conditioning will be required for reliable discharge initiation or recovery after disruptions. In the D:T phase, wall conditioning may also contribute to the control of the tritium inventory in ITER, of which the build-up is a major investigations are needed prior to its validation and its application to ITER, in particular for fuel removal, recovery after disruptions and isotopic ratio control. This paper reviews the results of recent ICWC experiments performed on current tokamaks, covering a range of plasma-facing materials: TORE SUPRA (CFC), TEXTOR (fine-grain graphite), ASDEX-Upgrade (all W-coated wall) and JET (CFC/Be). The relevance of ICWC, specifications for its application to ITER and the operational domain on current tokamaks are introduced in the first part. The optimization of ICWC discharges is the subject of the second part. The third part reports on the assessment of the efficiency of D 2 (or H 2 ) and He-ICWC discharges for isotopic exchange and fuel removal. The benefit of pulsed ICWC discharges is treated in this part. The last part is devoted to the discussions of the I-9 experimental observations. In particular the He retention in metallic plasma-facing components (PFC) and the role of the different species in wall conditioning are discussed.The operation of ICWC and its efficiency for fuel removal are finally extrapolated to ITER.1. ICWC experiments on the four tokamaks and ICWC discharge characterization a. Principle and relevance of ICWC for wall conditioningThe principle of ICWC discharge production, in the presence of the toroidal magnetic field, has been described elsewhere (see e.g. [7]). The coupling of the RF power to the ICWC discharge is non-resonant and mainly results from the absorption of the RF energy by the electrons. Plasmas with densities ranging from 10 16 and 10 18 m -3 (i.e. 4 to 6 orders of magnitude higher than in DC glow discharges) and temperatures 1 < T e < 10 eV can be produced in a "relay-race" regime of slow and fast wave excitation [7] .In the presence of ...