Microbial ecology provides insights into the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of microbial communities underpinning every ecosystem on Earth. Microbial communities can now be investigated in unprecedented detail, although there is still a wealth of open questions to be tackled. Here we identify 50 research questions of fundamental importance to the science or application of microbial ecology, with the intention of summarising the field and bringing focus to new research avenues. Questions are categorised into seven themes: host-microbiome interactions; health and infectious diseases; human health and food security; microbial ecology in a changing world; environmental processes; functional diversity; and evolutionary processes. Many questions recognise that microbes provide an extraordinary array of functional diversity that can be harnessed to solve real-world problems. Our limited knowledge of spatial and temporal variation in microbial diversity and function is also reflected, as is the need to integrate micro- and macro-ecological concepts, and knowledge derived from studies with humans and other diverse organisms. Although not exhaustive, the questions presented are intended to stimulate discussion and provide focus for researchers, funders and policy makers, informing the future research agenda in microbial ecology.
The Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus prefer to use nest boxes to raise their young rather than nests in natural tree cavities. However, nest boxes provide a warm, humid microclimate that is favourable to the growth of rich bacterial communities. In this study we investigated how the bacterial community developed throughout the breeding season and whether it had any effect on egg or nestling mortality. Samples were collected across six sites and three breeding seasons at the completion of nest building, clutch completion and immediately post fledging. Bacterial counts were obtained for each sample, including a total bacterial count using non-selective media and bacterial counts on selective media for Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp, which may indicate pathogenicity to the birds. There were significantly more bacteria (total counts and counts for Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp. specifically) present within the nest box at the post fledging stage compared to the two earlier stages, likely due to increased activity by the adult birds (feeding of the nestlings and defecating) and less time by the adult birds for self-preening and nest sanitation. No positive relationship was found between bacterial counts and either egg mortality, nestling mortality or brood size; however, a negative relationship between egg mortality and total bacterial count was identified. Although somewhat unexpected, this negative relationship may indicate the presence of a greater number of symbiotic bacteria, which could offer a greater level of protection.Keywords Bacteria · Birds · Nest · Breeding · Success Zusammenfassung Wachsende Belastung durch Bakterien in Nistkästen von Blaumeisen während der Brutzeit und ihr möglicher Einfluss auf Schlüpfen und FlüggewerdenBlaumeisen (Cyanistes caeruleus) ziehen für die Aufzucht ihrer Jungen Nistkästen den natürlichen Baumhöhlen vor. Aber die Nistkästen bieten ein warmes und feuchtes Mikroklima, das die Entwicklung von Bakteriengemeinschaften fördert. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, wie sich die Bakteriengemeinschaften während der Brutzeit entwickelten und ob sie einen Einfluss auf die Sterberate der Nestlinge oder das Absterben der Eier hatten. Über drei Brutzeiten und sechs Brutplätze hinweg wurden während des Nestbaus, der Vervollständigung des Geleges und unmittelbar nach Ausfliegen der Jungen Proben gesammelt und für jede Probe die darin enthaltenen Bakterien gezählt. Zum einen wurde mit unspezifischen Nährmedien die Gesamtzahl ermittelt, zum anderen anhand von spezifischen Medien die Anzahl von Staphylococcus spp. und von Enterobacter spp., die beide als Hinweis auf bakterielle Pathogenität für die Vögel genommen werden können. Nach dem Ausfliegen gab es in den Nistkästen signifikant mehr Bakterien (insgesamt, sowie auch Staphylococcus spp. und Enterobacter spp.), vermutlich wegen der erhöhten Aktivität für das Füttern der Jungen und Entfernen der Kotballen und der entsprechend weniger verfügbaren Zeit für das Putzen der Nester und der Adulten selbst. Ein positiver Zusa...
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