Ct~line G ras sie n (Paris): Deux hymnes et une litanie chretiennes byzantines conservees par le P .Rainer Cent. 31 et cinq autres temoins

Cochlear implant stimulation creates a reduction in electrode impedance that returns to pre-stimulation levels following cessation of stimulation and is presumed to be associated with the fibrous tissue covering over the electrode array. This study assessed the possibility that transitory impedance reduction originates from a change in the membrane permeability of cells on the electrode (electropermeabilization). These changes can be recorded using the dye propidium iodide, which fluoresces upon entry into the leaky cell. The in vitro model used showed impedance reduction and dye uptake into adherent cells overlying planar gold electrodes stimulated with as little as 5 min of clinically relevant cochlear implant stimulation. The delayed additions of propidium iodide showed a similar dye uptake to those groups with concurrent dye addition, suggesting the electropermeabilization was not reversible. Further understanding of the mechanisms behind these impedance and cell permeability changes with cochlear implant electrical stimulation may provide opportunities for creating long-lasting reductions in electrode impedance.

A puzzling feature of a number of Lycian bath buildings is the array of holes cut in their walls at intervals of about 0·5 × 0·5 m. In size they are often about 0·12 × 0·12 m. × 0·06 m. deep, and so too large for the normal iron spikes which hold marble veneers or other wall facings in place. A chance find made during the course of the survey of Balboura in 1986 provides an explanation for these holes; they were to take spool-headed terracotta spacer pins which in turn held a series of large flat tiles with a space behind for the circulation of hot air from the hypocaust (Fig. 4), so providing the same effect as the better known tubuli and tegulae mammatae.

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Part two concerns excavations at the temple itself, with specialist reports on temple blocks (Rutherford and S.), architectural parallels (Sanders), geology (Bullard and Koucky), pottery (S. and others) and roof tiles (Huffstot). Perhaps the most controversial element is S.'s re-dating of the first temple from the time of Augustus to the sixth century B.C. NO plan of this early structure is given, but pottery from its fill and foundations is the basis for the re-dating. Doubts will remain. Locus 006 in one part of the cella section is below its alleged floor, in another, above (Figs. 137-8). Acknowledged disturbances are not indicated. Its foundation trench is now reinterpreted as fill for the second temple (p. 314 n. 24) even though the cut remains in the sections of Figs. 125, 127. Confidence is not inspired by the way in which the provenance of finds such as a stamped Arretine catillus (?) is from the foundation in a preliminary report (RDAC [1979], 324), but now in a floor (p. 239). The ashy fill deposit with concentrations of bone and burned sherds (p. 198) is unlikely builders' debris, and is probably derived material. It may still be imprudent therefore to alter a terminus post quern for the first temple to a fixed construction date.