No abstract

Patterns of continuity and change in personality attributes from childhood to adolescence and their relation to the adolescents' stage of drug use are reported in this article. Subjects were 356 youngsters whose mothers were interviewed when the child was 5–10 years of age (T1) and again when the child was an adolescent (T2). The adolescents were also interviewed at T2. The results indicated that childhood personality attributes were related to adolescent personality attributes, which in turn were related to adolescents' stage of drug use. Across-time personality correlations suggested that substantial continuity exists in personality traits. However, there was also some evidence for the malleability of these traits. The findings further indicated that the positive effects of protective (i.e., nondrug-conducive) personality traits in the child could be weakened by the presence of risk factors during adolescence leading to higher T2 drug stage. In addition, the negative impact of childhood risk personality traits could be ameliorated by protective personality traits during adolescence resulting in lower drug stage.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an older brother's drug use on his younger brother's drug use viewed in the context of parent and peer influences. The sample consisted of 278 White, middle-class male college students and their oldest brothers, who were given questionnaires assessing drug behavior. Results indicated that older brother, parental, and peer drug use each had an independent impact on younger brother's use. The degree of influence varied, with drug modeling by peers and older brothers having a stronger association with younger brother drug use than did parental drug modeling. Further, the older brother's advocacy of drugs was associated with his younger brother's use even if the older brother did not serve as a drug model. Similarly, older brother drug modeling was of importance even if he did not advocate use. Finally, interactive results suggested that older brothers who did not use drugs could offset the negative effects of parental drug risks on younger brother use. Also, younger brothers were least likely to use drugs if both older brothers and peers served as models for nonuse.

Change in the Indonesian Seas with the circulation and heat and freshwater inventories and associated air-sea fluxes of the regional and global oceans. This white paper puts forward the design of an observational array using multi-platforms combined with high-resolution models aimed at increasing our quantitative understanding of water mass transformation rates and advection within the Indonesian seas and their impacts on the air-sea climate system.