The principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, L-glutamate, acts on three classes of ionotripic glutamate receptors, named after the agonists AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalole-4-propionic acid), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate. The development of selective pharmacological agents has led to a detailed understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of AMPA and NMDA receptors. In contrast, the lack of selective kainate receptor ligands has greatly hindered progress in understanding the roles of kainate receptors. Here we describe the effects of a potent and selective agonist, ATPA ((RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butylisoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid) and a selective antagonist, LY294486 ((3SR, 4aRS, 6SR, 8aRS)-6-((((1H-tetrazol-5-yl) methyl)oxy)methyl)-1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), of the GluR5 subtype of kainate receptor. We have used these agents to show that kainate receptors, comprised of or containing GluR5 subunits, regulate synaptic inhibition in the hippocampus, an action that could contribute to the epileptogenic effects of kainate.
ABSTRACT. In a survey of several plant species found at Churchill, Manitoba, in the transition zone between the low and subarctic regions, we measured leaf respiration in terms of total respiration and alternative pathway respiration rates. Leaves of arctic plants exhibit higher rates of total respiration and alternative (cyanide insensitive) respiration than temperate species. There is a negative correlation between plant height and alternative pathway activity. Shorter plants have higher rates of alternative pathway respiration. More alternative pathway activity may mean that there is less energy in the form of ATP available for growth. A shorter growth habit keeps these plants in the still air close to the ground. This prevents cooling, water loss and physical damage due to wind abrasion. Thus plants with high rates of alternative pathway respiration may be better adapted to the arctic environment. The alternative pathway respiration of Orchis roturuiijolia was shown to be under the influence of the biological clock. Key words: Subarctic, plant respiration, alternative pathway, cyanide insensitive RÉSUMÉ. Lors d'une étude sur plusieurs esp&ces de plantes qui poussentà Churchill, au Manitoba, dans la bande de transition entre l'Arctique inférieur et la zone subarctique, on a mesur6 la respiration des feuilles en termes de taux de respiration totale et par voie alterne. I1 en ressort que les feuilles des plantes de l'Arctique ont des taux plus élevts de respiration totale et alterne (insensible au cyanure) que les e s w e s des régions tempérées. I1 existe une corrélation négative entre la hauteur des plantes et la respiration par voie alterne. Les plantes plus petites ont des taux de respiration par voie alterne plus élevés. Une plus grande activité par voie alterne pourrait signifier qu'il y a moins d'énergie sous forme d' ATP (adénosine triphosphate) disponible pour la croissance. En raison de leur petite taille, ces plantes se maintiennent dans l'air calme prh du sol, ce qui 6vite le refroidissement, la perte d'eau et les dommages physiques causés par l'érosion éolienne. Les plantes qui ont des taux tlevts de respiration par voie alterne sont donc peut-6tre mieux adapt6es à l'environnement arctique. On a trouvé que la respiration par voie alterne de l'orchis rotundifdia h i t influencte par l'horloge biologique. Mots clés: subarctique, respiration des plantes, voie alterne, insensible au cyanure Traduit pour le journal par Ntsida Loyer.
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