No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Medial rectus muscle injury as a complication of FESS can vary markedly. Proper characterization and treatment are important, particularly with reference to the degree of direct MR injury (muscle tissue loss) and entrapment. Patients with severe MR disruption can benefit from intervention but continue to show persistent limitation of ocular motility and functional impairment. Prevention and early recognition and treatment of these injuries are emphasized.

Background Teprotumumab, a novel IGF-1R antibody was recently shown to significantly reduce the signs of active Thyroid eye disease (TED). The current study reviews its efficacy in chronic TED. Methods In this retrospective review, consecutive patients with chronic stable TED (>2 years), who had received ≥3 infusions of teprotumumab were included. All patients had measurements of proptosis, and calculation of the CAS and diplopia scores before and after therapy. Five-point strabismus scores were also calculated. Patients who had imaging within 4 months prior to therapy and 6 weeks post therapy underwent orbital 3D volumetric analysis. Results Thirty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) duration of TED was 81 months (56) and the mean (SD) number of infusions received by each patient was 7 (2). Mean (SD) reduction in proptosis for each study orbit was 3.5 mm (0.4) and 3 mm (0.3) for the fellow orbit. The CAS response was 90% for the study orbit and 87% for the fellow orbit. Of the 15 patients who had diplopia at baseline, 67% had a clinically significant response, while 47% had complete resolution following treatment. Following teprotumumab, mean (SD) reduction of muscle tissue was 2011 mm3 (1847) in the study orbit and 1620 mm3 (1759) in the fellow orbit. The mean (SD) reduction of fat volume was 2101 mm3 (1681) in the study orbit and 1370 mm3 (1181) in the fellow orbit. Conclusion Teprotumumab significantly reduces proptosis, inflammation, diplopia, strabismus and orbital soft tissue volume in patients with chronic TED.

To review the available evidence for the neuroprotective qualities of brimonidine tartrate in optic nerve and retinal injury.Methods: References for this study were obtained by running a search of the PubMed database using keywords brimonidine, neuroprotection, ischemic optic neuropathy, and ␣2-adrenergic agonists. References focusing on ocular hypertension were excluded.Results: Forty-eight articles addressing 1 of 4 criteria for neuroprotection were included. The literature confirms that brimonidine therapy meets the first 3 criteria for neuroprotection: receptors on its target tissues, adequate penetration into the vitreous and retina at pharmacologic levels, and induction of intracellular changes that enhance neuronal resistance to insults or interrupt apoptosis in animal models. Brimonidine did not meet the final neuroprotective criterion of success in humans.Conclusions: Experimental evidence has demonstrated that brimonidine is a potential neuroprotective agent. However, to date, clinical trials have failed to translate into similar efficacy in humans.

SUMMARY In this paper two‐dimensional systematic sampling of land use is considered. Data for two study areas which provide a complete enumeration of land use, and which are held in digital form, are a basis for a series of sampling experiments. First, the efficiency of systematic sampling is compared with other schemes. Second, these results are related to the autocorrelation functions of the data. Third, methods for estimating sampling error from a single sample are assessed. The results reported here confirm the statistical efficiency of systematic sampling but also highlight some important unresolved issues of this approach.