Similar themes are found among the psychological, social, and cognitive competencies needed by students who face challenges, such as low-income and minority, English language learner, immigrant, disabled, disconnected, foster, and sexual minority youth. may be a different emphasis within the competency across fields. The competencies were then organized into developmental domains, described below. This structure makes it easier to perceive the intersection of each field's recommendations, as well as to see some surprising gaps.

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