ObjectiveThe objective was to evaluate and improve accuracy of anticipatory counseling regarding neonatal intervention for prenatally diagnosed tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) by assessing new and previously published predictors of neonatal intervention.MethodsThis is a multi‐center, retrospective study from three centers of 112 fetal TOF patients undergoing third trimester fetal echocardiograms from 2004 to 2017. Additional cardiac defects requiring neonatal intervention were excluded. Fetal echocardiographic, clinical, and consultation data were compared between neonatal and late intervention. Optimal echocardiographic values were determined.ResultsTwenty‐six infants (23%) required neonatal intervention. Those infants had significantly different pulmonary valve (PV) z‐scores, PV:aortic valve (AoV) ratios, PV:AoV z‐score differences (absolute difference between z‐scores), and increased likelihood of abnormal ductal flow. Counseling during fetal echocardiogram regarding interventional timing was accurate for 50% needing neonatal intervention and 86% undergoing late intervention (P = .002). The best neonatal intervention predictors were PV:AoV ratio of <0.6 and counseling for neonatal intervention. PV:AoV z‐score difference ≥5 provided 89% negative predictive value for excluding patients from neonatal repair.ConclusionsThird trimester fetal echocardiograms can predict interventional timing. The best predictors of neonatal intervention are PV:AoV ratio <0.6, PV:AoV z‐score difference ≥5, and cardiologist counseling that neonatal intervention was likely.

Introduction: After anatomic repair (AR) of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA), the left ventricle (LV) is re-established as the systemic ventricle. As such, LV dysfunction is an important factor in long-term patient morbidity. While predictors exist for successful AR, little is known regarding measures of LV function before and after AR, and no known predictors exist of worsening global longitudinal strain (GLS). Methods: All patients with ccTGA who survived to discharge after AR at a single institution from 2000-2018 were included. Pre-operative and discharge echocardiograms were reviewed and GLS analysis was performed. LV sphericity index was measured to determine the degree of ventricular septal shift; a lower index denotes more septal bowing into the LV. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with worsened GLS after AR. Results: Of 91 survivors (65% male), 51 underwent Senning/arterial switch (ASO) and 40 had Senning/Rastelli. Mean LV ejection fraction (EF) decreased from 66% to 61% after AR (p = 0.0003) with 26% having LVEF less than or equal to 55% (increased from 4% pre-op, p = 0.0003). Mean LV GLS was normal pre-op (-20.0% ± SD 4.1%) but worsened following AR (-16.5% ± 4.6%; p <.0001); abnormal LV GLS (> -18%) increased to 62% (vs 32% pre-op, p <.0001). More patients undergoing Senning/ASO (78%) had abnormal LV GLS at discharge compared to those with a Senning/Rastelli (22%) (odds ratio [OR] 9.3, p <.0001). Abnormal pre-op GLS (OR 5.8, p = 0.002) and lower LV sphericity index (OR 1.05, p = 0.01) were also significantly associated with worsening GLS at discharge. In multivariable analysis, all three remained independently associated with worsened LV GLS. Age at AR, ventricular looping, LV posterior wall thickness, and reintervention prior to discharge were not associated with changed LV GLS at discharge. Conclusions: Following AR of ccTGA, LVEF decreases but remains in the normal range, while LV GLS detects abnormalities. Risk factors for worsening GLS include abnormal pre-op LV GLS, lower LV sphericity index, and a Senning/ASO repair. Lower LV sphericity index, or more septal shift into the LV, may represent a “less trained” LV, highlighting the need for careful patient selection for AR.

Introduction: Limited data exist on the electrophysiologic outcomes of patients undergoing anatomic repair (AR) for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA). AR was defined as an atrial switch procedure plus either arterial switch (ASO) or Rastelli operation. Aims: To report mid and late electrophysiologic outcomes after AR and identify risk factors for those outcomes. Methods: Single center retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing AR between 1993-2017. Data were collected from available records. Transplant-free survival to 1 year post repair was required for inclusion. Standard descriptive statistical analysis and Cox proportional hazards were used. Results: Of 85 patients included, 95% had lesions in addition to ccTGA: most commonly VSD (84%) and pulmonary stenosis or atresia (58%). Median age at AR was 1.5y (IQR 0.9-2.8) with Senning/ASO in 56%, Senning/Rastelli in 38%, and hemi-Senning/Glenn/Rastelli in 6%. During a median follow-up of 10.6y, 45 (53%) patients developed an arrhythmia requiring intervention. Atrial tachycardia (AT) in 27 (32%) or ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 11 (13%) patients required intervention at a median of 7.4y (IQR 1.6-15.3y) and 15.9y (IQR 4.5-17.9) post-AR, respectively. Treatments included chronic medications in 29 (64%), cardioversion in 15 (33%) and catheter ablation in 10 (22%). Median freedom from AT and VT was 17.3y and 25y post-AR, respectively. D-looped ventricles (p=0.03) and multiple operations prior to AR (p=0.02) were associated with increased AT risk; and native pulmonary stenosis with increased VT risk (p=0.01). Those needing heart failure/transplant referral had increased risk of both AT and VT (both p=0.04). Pacemaker was implanted for heart block and/or SND prior to or during AR in 14 (16%), immediately post-op in 9 (11%), and late (median 6y post-AR) in 24 (28%). ICDs were implanted in 5 (6% of cohort), 4 for primary prevention. No patient had an appropriate shock. Conclusions: Anatomic ccTGA repair is associated with significant electrophysiologic morbidity. AT, VT, and SND develop at a similar incidence to that reported for d-TGA patients after atrial switch. The incidence of AV block follows a similar trajectory to that of physiologically palliated ccTGA.

Introduction: Anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) generally poses short-term risk for presumed long-term functional benefit by restoring the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. Understanding early and late surgical outcomes is crucial for counseling patients and families. Methods: All patients with anatomic repair at a single institution from 1993-2018 were included. Follow-up data was obtained by contact with patients’ primary cardiologists. The primary outcome was long-term survival and the secondary outcome was freedom from reintervention. Univariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify risk factors for mortality. In-hospital mortality and morbidity were compared between the most recent (2010-2018) and past surgical eras. Results: Anatomic repair was performed in 118 patients: 64 Senning/arterial switch operations (ASO) and 54 Senning/Rastelli operations. Survival was 85%, 82%, and 70% at 1, 10, and 20 years after repair, respectively, and was significantly lower in the Senning/Rastelli group compared to Senning/ASO (Hazard ratio 3.0, p=0.01; Figure 1). Preoperative factors associated with mortality were heterotaxy syndrome (p=0.03) and right ventricular systolic dysfunction (p=0.01). During a median follow up of 9.4 years, 47 of 98 patients (48%) required surgical or catheter-based reintervention; median freedom from reintervention was 11.7 years. For the most recent era, 30 of 32 patients (94%) with Senning/ASO and 19 of 22 patients (86%) with Senning/Rastelli operations survived to hospital discharge. In-hospital morbidity was similar between eras (30% in 1993-2009 and 28% in 2010-2018, p=0.82). Conclusions: Short- and long-term outcomes are favorable following Senning/ASO. Mortality following Senning/Rastelli operations remains high, highlighting the need for careful patient selection and family counseling.

Introduction: Children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairments and reduced quality of life (QOL). Patients (pts) with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) often undergo anatomic repair to make the left ventricle the systemic ventricle, with the goal of long term cardiac benefits. Understanding long-term outcomes and QOL may inform preoperative counseling and treatment strategies for ccTGA. Methods: We measured QOL using PedsQL generic and cardiac modules for pts following anatomic repair of ccTGA with Senning/Arterial Switch or Senning/Rastelli operations. Impaired QOL by the PedsQL is defined by total scores <65.4 for parent report and <69.7 for pt report (possible score 0-100). Scores were compared to healthy controls and to pts with other forms of CHD, previously described in existing literature. Risk analysis for QOL impairment was performed using univariate logistic regression. Results: Of 88 eligible pts, 56 (64%) returned surveys (29% female, median age 11.8 years). Respondents were more likely to have pre-operative arrhythmias or pacemaker implantation compared to non-respondents. Mean total PedsQL score was 72 + 19 for pt report and 75 + 18 for parent report; 22 of 56 (39%) pts had impaired QOL scores, compared to 20% impaired scores in pts with any type of CHD, previously described. Mean physical functioning score was 72 + 22 for pt report and 76 + 21 for parent report. Mean psychosocial summary score was 73 + 18 and 75 + 18 for pt and parent report, respectively. Communication was the lowest scored subscale of the Cardiac module by pt (63 + 26) and parent (66 + 31) report. The treatment II subscale addressing medication compliance was the highest scored subscale with scores of 90 + 8 for pts and 91 + 15 for parent, respectively. Longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.01), surgical or catheter-based reintervention following hospital discharge (p = 0.02) and heart failure symptoms (p = 0.04) were associated with impaired QOL. Conclusions: After anatomic repair of ccTGA, pts are at risk of impaired QOL compared to healthy controls and to pts with a broad range of CHD. Indicators of more complex surgical and post-operative courses were associated with impaired QOL.