This book, overall, is an excellent reference text for students of cariology, whether they be predoctorals, graduate students, faculty, or practitioners. The editors, Drs. Ole Fejerskov and Edwina Kidd, can be congratulated on the book's mechanics and for keeping focused the international array of wellrespected experts who have contributed chapters. The chapters are, on the whole, of manageable length and well-written, with the pertinent tables and illustrations directly available for reference when reading the text. The tables and figures are well laid out, informative and an excellent complement to the text. Chapters 2 and 3 of the book describe the composition, structure and function of saliva and plaque. These chapters are scientifically informative, though each chapter ends with 2-3 pages headed Saliva and Caries and Dental Plaque and Caries. This unfortunately implies, to an extent correctly, that some of the earlier information in these chapters is irrelevant in a book on dental caries. This was particular so in the chapter on saliva. Chapters 4 and 5 present the scientific essence of the discipline of cariology and are wellwritten and beautifully illustrated. These are ''must read'' chapters for the predoctoral students in dental schools. The chemical interactions between the tooth and oral fluids, Chapter 4, allows the reader to understand the chemistry of the disease and its repair without overwhelming the reader with physical chemistry minutia. The clinical and histological manifestations of the disease in Chapter 5 follow logically from the chemical concept of how the disease develops, as described in the previous chapter. It is said that ''a picture is worth a thousand words'', and how well this chapter

Background: Rectovesical fistulae (RVF) are uncommon complications of pelvic surgeries and are a potential cause of significant morbidity. RVF are not typically closed endoscopically but rather require reoperative surgery of the lower pelvis with closure of tract, interposition of fat or omentum, and possible permanent bowel diversion. We present a unique case of a rectovesical fistula developing after robotic prostatectomy that was managed by multimodal multistage endoscopic therapy as an alternative to conventional operative repair. Case Presentation: A healthy 78-year-old Caucasian man underwent a robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection for high-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by an unrecognized rectal injury culminating in emergent exploration, abdominal washout, creation of a diverting loop transverse colostomy, and resultant development of a large rectovesical fistula. Given the patient's hostile abdomen and desire for conservative management the fistula was managed through a combined cystoscopic and endoscopic procedure that utilized suturing and clipping to close the fistula. This novel technique was followed by a series of three subsequent endoscopic procedures that enabled us to gradually downsize the fistula over time and ultimately achieve complete closure. The patient's colostomy was eventually reversed with return of bowel continuity. Conclusion: Although uncommon, RVF are significant complications of pelvic surgery. The presence of abdominal/pelvic adhesions from previous surgeries or patient comorbidities can make open surgical repair extremely challenging or impracticable. Therefore, it is important to recognize and consider the use of endoscopic techniques as potential options for closure of rectovesical fistula in certain situations.

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