Large eddy simulation (LES) runs are performed to calculate flows over heterogeneous surfaces imitating small forest lakes. Regularities in the turbulent exchange of heat and momentum over such objects are examined. A weak sensitivity of turbulence characteristics over a "lake" to thermal stratification is noted. Problems of the representativeness of field eddy covariance measurements of turbulent fluxes over such objects are discussed.

Large-eddy simulation (LES) and Lagrangian stochastic modeling of passive particle dispersion were applied to the scalar flux footprint determination in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. The sensitivity of the LES results to the spatial resolution and to the parameterizations of small-scale turbulence was investigated. It was shown that the resolved and partially resolved ("subfilter-scale") eddies are mainly responsible for particle dispersion in LES, implying that substantial improvement may be achieved by using recovering of small-scale velocity fluctuations. In LES with the explicit filtering, this recovering consists of the application of the known inverse filter operator. The footprint functions obtained in LES were compared with the functions calculated with the use of first-order single-particle Lagrangian stochastic models (LSMs) and zeroth-order Lagrangian stochastic models -the random displacement models (RDMs). According to the presented LES, the source area and footprints in the stable boundary layer can be substantially more extended than those predicted by the modern LSMs.A. Glazunov et al.: LES and LS modeling of Lagrangian particles for footprint determination in the SBL