The purpose of the paper is to define how the sociopolitical thought of J. Habermas – his theory of communicative action and the concept of deliberative democracy – guarantees the protection and keeping of an independent human personality in modern information societies. In order to solve this problem, the author seeks to determine what is meant by a “personality”. Analyzing this issue, the author distinguishes two different understandings of a personality among J. Habermas’s works: philosophical-personalistic and public-sociological. When integrating these understandings, the author gives an original socio-philosophical definition of a personality, in which the personality retains both individualistic and social traits. It is especially emphasized that for the affirmation of the personality and his/her development, an equal, subject-subject dialogue with Others is necessary. The paper reveals that the development of personality, first of all, is interrelated with the maintenance of a cultural, normative and valuable “life-world”, which is violated by the mechanisms of systematic technocratic regulation in modern times, in a society. The principles of this regulation are justified in a system-functional approach. The advantages of J. Habermas’s approach, capable of ensuring the development of a genuine normative essence of personality, are determined
The paper defines the meaning of phenomenological approach to communication as one of the main directions of communication research. To determine its advantages, it is compared to the systemicfunctional approach. Communication in phenomenology is understood as interpersonal semantic communication at the philosophical, sociological level of this approach, its application in political communication is defined. Phenomenological and systemic-functional approaches to communication are compared on the following five points. Firstly, they have different scientific grounds. Cybernetics and mathematical information theory had the main influence on the theory of systems in sociology, while philosophy had the main influence on phenomenology. Secondly, the system analysis studies communication at the macro level. Conversely, the primary object of micro level research in phenomenology is the "inductive" study of the individual's mind. Thirdly, the normative-value level of society, which is reproduced by means of communication, is interpreted differently. Fourthly, the study defines the fundamental differences in understanding the meaning of language. Systemic approach sees a language as a set of symbols corresponding to the cybernetic code to regulate and maintain the regulatory system of society. Phenomenology assumes that a language fixes and expresses subjective ideas initially set in the "lifeworld" of a person. Fifthly, the political significance of communication is determined in different ways. The systemic approach leads to the technocratic rule of the informed elite, rather than to the democratic regime. The role of the phenomenological approach for the shaping of a genuine public opinion and the concept of the deliberative democracy is justified. 384 ConclusionThus, the systemic-functional and phenomenological approaches essentially offer the opposite understanding of the meaning and role of communication. If the systems theory assumes that communication serves to maintain the state apparatus and the political subsystem, the phenomenological approach emphasizes the free personal communication, a sense communicated by an individual. These directions form opposite models of political regimes, technocratic management of the elite and deliberative democracy, which perceives the inherent importance of public opinion. Phenomenological methodology both offers applied methods of communication research at the qualitative and interpretive level and defines the normative model of organization of uniform and fair social communication.
Введение. В данном исследовании в сопоставлении анализируются два противоположных подхода к построению интернет-сферы. Первый -технократический подход-утверждается в кибернетико-системной методологии, основан на технократическом управлении обществом и предполагает тотальное управление интернет-сферой в интересах государственной системы, подавление отдельной личности через «программирование» её сознания. В этом подходе, анализируемым кейсом служит «система социального доверия» в Китае. Второй-делиберативно-демократический подход -исходит из феноменологии и служит основой для эгалитарной модели делиберативной демократии, предполагающей всеобщее обсуждение и значимость смыслов, сообщаемых каждой личностью в интернет-сфере. Анализируется кейс онлайн-делиберативных обсуждений, служащих выявлению мнений самих граждан и определению подлинного общественного мнения. Материалы и методы. В данной статье используются логические методы анализа: анализ, синтез, сравнительный анализ. Результаты исследования. В данном исследовании показано, как кибернетико-системная методология, холистски анализирующая общество и предполагающая его программирование «сверху вниз», ведёт к технократическому управлению обществом и интернет-сферой. Также показывается, как феноменологический подход, направленный на восприятие личностных смыслов каждого гражданина, становится основой делиберативной демократии и онлайнделиберативных обсуждений. Обсуждение и заключение. В статье было выявлено следующее. Показаны серьёзные риски, к которым приводит применение кибернетико-системных принципов в управлении интернет-сферой: программирование сознания личности, выхолащивание переживаемых ей смыслов, регулирование всей общественной жизни. В противопоставлении с кибернетическим подходом, аналитически показываются преимущества феноменологического подхода, воспринимающего личностные смыслы каждой личности и ведущего к их раскрытию в интернетсфере, что создаёт фундамент для сохранения демократического режима. Андрей Линде* * Линде Андрей Николаевич, кандидат политических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры регионального управления и национальной политики МГИМО МИД России
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