This article is devoted to the evolution of U.S. foreign policy toward Turkey in the context of inter-party rivalry. The article discusses the ideas and actions of the Democratic and Republican parties in the U.S. aimed at the formation of the foreign policy agenda on the Turkish direction. The author also analyzes the reasons of changes in the U.S. foreign policy toward Turkey and their consequences. Special attention is paid to the change in U.S.-Turkish relations during periods of dominance of the Democratic or Republican majority in the U.S. Congress. These periods are divided into equal parts-three terms of the Democratic presidency (Bill Clinton's first and second terms and Barack Obama's first term) and three terms of the Republican presidency (the presidency of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush's two terms). The conclusion of this article shows that "soft" policy of the Democratic administrations was less successful than "tough" pressure of the Republicans, which made possible to use Turkey in the U.S. geopolitical plans.

The article traces the chronology of the political interactions between the U.S. and Kazakhstan in the 1990s. Utilizing factual information and official sources the authors assess the genesis and evolution of the relationship between two countries. The basis for the development of bilateral cooperation was nuclear disarmament and extensive cooperation in the energy sphere. Despite political obstacles in the interaction between countries in the late 1990s the U.S. always held Kazakhstan in high regard as a gateway into the Central Asian region. Likewise, Kazakhstan continues to perceive Washington as one of the most important extraregional power that supports its economic development and helps keep the geopolitical balance.

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