Batuan merupakan hasil dari pembentukan ilmiah. Dari proses pembentukannya, umumnya batuan dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu, batuan beku, batuan sedimen, dan batuan metamorf. Perlunya batuan – batuan ini diklasifikasikan selain tujuan edukasi atau keilmuan, adalah untuk tujuan seperti menyediakan data untuk dasar acuan komunikasi antara ahli geologi dengan engineer serta memperoleh data kuantitatif sebagai acuan untuk membuat kebijakan desain suatu proyek. Oleh karena itu, pada karya ilmiah ini penulis telah melakukan penelitian untuk membuat sistem yang dapat mempermudah ahli geologi untuk melakukan klasifikasi batuan, menggunakan metode Local Binary Pattern dan K-Nearest Neighbor. Dari hasil pengujian diperoleh nilai akurasi dari sistem. Dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi Local Binary Pattern dengan ukuran blocksize = 1 diperoleh nilai akurasi sebesar 78,57% untuk data parallel nicol dan akurasi sebesar 71,3% untuk data cross nicol. Sedangkan proses klasifikasi K-NN aturan jarak paling baik yang digunakan adalah euclidean yang mengasilkan nilai akurasi terbaik 78,57% untuk data parallel nicol dan 71,3% untuk data cross nicol dengan paramater yang terbaik pada nilai K = 9.
The Bunikasih vein system in the Pangalengan district of West Java is a low-sulfidation, adularia sericite epithermal gold deposit. It is hosted by Late Miocene andesitic volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks occurring in the south western margin of Malabar Volcano complex. Gold ore and alteration minerals related to deposition of gold in Bunikasih deposits superimposed on Late Tertiary-Quaternary andesitic formation that were altered and mineralized by some hydrothermal events. The veins consist almost entirely of quartz, with small amounts of adularia, bladed calcite, pyrite, and gold. Gold ore shoots are vertically restricted and are more continuous horizontally. The veins display complex and multi episodic filling with texture characteristics of open space precipitation such us colloform, lattice bladed, crustiform banding, vugs, breccia, and cockade and comb texture. The presence of bladed calcite and silica pseudomorph after bladed calcite suggests that the hydrothermal fluids boiled. In the Cibaliung section of the area, anomalous gold is related to veins trending northeast -southwest, milky quartz with dark grey to black manganese staining is found intermittently for a length of about 800m. The mineralized andesite ore bodies exhibit broad alteration patterns adjacent to mineralization, passing from fresh rock into anargillic, chlorite zone, and then sericite-silica close to mineralization. An argillic assemblage composed of kaolinite with fine-grained pyrite bulb is present in the upper portions and surrounding of the quartz vein system. The veins range from centimeter to meter in size. Of 24 vein samples collected, gold averages up to 0.3 grams per tone ("g/t"), to a high of 24.6 g/t. The Bunikasih epithermal gold deposit was mined by people for more than 10 years, mainly for the gold ore. SariUrat-urat yang terdapat di Bunikasih, Kecamatan Pengalengan, Jawa Barat, merupakan bagian dari suatu endapan emas tipe epitermal adularia serisit, sulfidasi rendah. Endapan emas tersebut terdapat dalam batuan vulkanik andesit dan batuan klastik vulkanik berumur Miosen Akhir yang terdapat di barat daya kompleks gunung api Malabar. Emas dan mineral alterasi penyerta dijumpai mengubah satuan batuan andesit Tersier Akhir -Kuarter yang telah mengalami alterasi hidrotermal. Urat-urat yang dijumpai tersusun oleh kuarsa dengan sedikit adularia, bilah-bilah kalsit, pirit, dan emas. Endapan emas dalam urat penyebarannya terbatas secara vertikal, dan relatif lebih menyebar secara horizontal. Urat-urat kuarsa memperlihatkan tekstur kompleks yang menunjukkan pengendapan berulang secara episodik dalam ruang terbuka seperti koloform, mineral berbentuk bilah, perlapisan crustiform, breksi, dan tekstur cockade and comb. Dijumpainya bilah-bilah kalsit dan pseudomorph silika hasil ubahan bilah kalsit menunjukkan kemungkinan terjadinya pendidihan (boiling) pada larutan hidrotermal. Di daerah Cibaliung, keterdapatan emas berasosiasi dengan urat-urat kuarsa berwarna putih susu berarah timur laut -barat daya sepanjang sekitar 800 m, dengan ...
The lateritic bauxite deposits in the Mempawah area, West Kalimantan, were formed by the chemical weathering of Cretaceous granodioritic and andesitic rocks. They occurred locally on the low hills surrounded by swampy areas. Detailed surface geological mapping, test pits, mineralogical and geochemical analyses were performed to determine the characteristics and genesis of bauxite from different parent rocks. From bottom upward, the deposits are composed of fresh parent rocks, clay or pallid zone, bauxite zone with a few sparse ferricrete at the top of the bauxite zone, and soil. Bauxite derived from granodiorite exhibits brownish-red, massive, boulder to gravel-sized concretion in clay matrix and is composed of predominant gibbsite with subordinate kaolinite, quartz, goethite, and a minor amount of magnetite and hematite. In contrast, bauxite derived from andesitic rocks exhibits reddish-brown and is composed of predominant goethite. During the leaching process, SiO2 as a mobile compound decreased significantly in neutral pH, while Al2O3 and Fe2O3 precipitated as residual materials to form bauxite concretion. The enrichment anomaly of bauxite derived from andesitic rocks is caused by physio-chemical changes from hydrothermal alteration. Bauxite was formed by indirect bauxitization through the leaching of primary minerals under a tropical-humid climate.
Petrologi adalah bidang ilmu geologi yang terfokus pada studi mengenai batuan dan kondisi pembentukannya. Petrografi adalah cabang dari petrologi yang menjelaskan deskripsi rinci dari batuan berdasarkan kandungan mineral dan tekstur. Batuan merupakan sekumpulan mineral yang membeku, mineral tersebut umumnya disebut sebagai rock-forming minerals. Dengan mengidentifikasi masing-masing mineral yang terdapat pada batuan dengan bantuan mikroskop, pengklasifikasian dapat dilakukan. Karakteristik dari tiap-tiap jenis batuan tersebut dapat dibedakan dari persentase mineral-mineral yang membentuk batuan tersebut. Mikroskop petrografi dapat menganalisis secara rinci dari mineral dengan mineralogi optik dan sayatan tipis dari batuan. Saat ini, petrografer menggunakan cara konvensional untuk menelitinya dengan menggunakan indera penglihatan. Dalam artikel ini, dilakukan perancangan sebuah perangkat lunak berbasis MATLAB yang dapat mengklasifikasikan jenis-jenis dari batuan. Input dari sistem ini berupa citra digital dari batuan, yang secara mikroskopis diambil dari mikroskop petrografi. Kemudian citra tersebut diolah oleh sistem. Proses pertama adalah pengekstraksian ciri melalui metode Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Selanjutnya dilakukan proses klasifikasi citra melalui metode Support Vector Machine (SVM). Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan, didapat akurasi terbaik 83.9506%.
Limestone outcrops of the Tacipi area is an ideal carbonate platform part of Neogene East and West Sengkang Basin that are located in the south part of Sulawesi, precisely in western of Bone city. The limestones of this area, outcropping mainly on the north-south oriented hills such as Temapole, Anadara, Tamping, Lappa, etc., are the best reef example in the Tacipi area, as the reef itself, its debris and detritus can be distinguished in the field. Throughout the ridges and pinnacle in Tacipi field the limestones are predominantly homogenous boundstones on the top and detrital bioclastic packstones with local grainstones, and wackestones at the bottom. There are four major reef zonation indentified pacth reef, barrier reef, fore reef and lagoon. The extensive freshwater leaching of fossil fragments and calcareous cement give the preservation of biomouldic and vug pore spaces. Abstract Limestone outcrops of the Tacipi area is an ideal carbonate platform part of Neogene East and West Sengkang Basin that are located in the south part of Sulawesi, precisely in western of Bone city. The limestones of this area, outcropping mainly on the north-south oriented hills such as Temapole, Anadara, Tamping, Lappa, etc., are the best reef example in the Tacipi area, as the reef itself, its debris and detritus can be distinguished in the field. Throughout the ridges and pinnacle in Tacipi field the limestones are predominantly homogenous boundstones on the top and detrital bioclastic packstones with local grainstones, and wackestones at the bottom. There are four major reef zonation indentified pacth reef, barrier reef, fore reef and lagoon. The extensive freshwater leaching of fossil fragments and calcareous cement give the preservation of biomouldic and vug pore spaces.
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