Aims: This study aimed to determine the effect of probiotic combination on ratio of IFN-γ: IL-4 levels in patients with allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: Single blind, randomized controlled trial.This study included 40 patients with severe allergic rhinitis according to WHO criteria. This study used 2 treatment groups with probiotics and placebo control group. IFN γ and IL-4 levels were evaluated using ELISA method. Data were analyzed using paired T test with 95% confidence intervals Results and Discussion: In the treatment group, the levels of IFN-γ increased significantly (p<0.05).In contrast, IL-4 levels decreased significantly(p<0.05). There was a significant difference between the IFN-γ ratio: IL-4 treatment and control group (p <0.05). Conclusion: The administration of combination of probiotics can improve the levels of IFN-γ/ IL-4 in patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.42-45

Background: Symptoms and signs of acute viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis that are not specific cause difficulties in diagnostic enforcement, causing difficulties in administering therapy, so often doctors provide antibiotic therapy on acute viral rhinosinusitis. Irrelevant antibiotics will cause frequent antibiotic resistance. Adjuvant therapy is required to prevent infections that continue to become chronic, shorten the duration of infection, and avoid unwanted complications. Moringa leaves (M. oleifera)contains antioxidant components that can help rebalance redox metabolism and reduce excess free radicals so as to prevent oxidative stress. Method: posttest only control group research design. Male strain Sprague Dawley white rat was maintained and treated at the Nutrition Laboratory of the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies of Gadjah Mada University (UGM). Mice were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: standard feed., group 2: standard feed and staphylococcus-induced aureus, group 3: standard feed, Staphylococcus aureus-induced given amoxicillin dose of 27 mg/day, group 4: standard feed, Staphylococcus aureus-induced was given amoxicillin dose of 27 mg/day and given (EEDK) 200 mg/KgBW/day. Data analysis Of Normality test using Shapiro-Wilk Test and homogeneity using Levene’s Test obtained results p>0.05. Then conducted One Way AnovaTest obtained p<0.05 and continued with post-hoc LSD test. The data is analyzed using SPSS 25.0 for Windows. Result: MDA test Anova obtained p value (Sig.) = 0.000 (p< 0.05), Post Hoc with LSD all groups (p-value) < 0.05, indicated a significant mean difference in average MDA levels among all groups. The lowest mean difference in MDA levels in group K with P3 was 0.92 pg/mL; while P1 with P3 has the largest average MDA rate difference of 7.47 pg/mL. TNF-α Anova test obtained p value (Sig.) = 0.000 (p< 0.05), Post Hoc with LSD of all groups (p-value= 0.000) < 0.05, there is a meaningful difference in the average level of TNF-α between all groups. The smallest average difference in TNF-α levels in group K with P3 was 0.31 pg/mL; while P1 with P3 has the largest average TNF-α rate of 5.01 pg/mL. Description of inflammation of the mucosa cavum rice and sinus K score 0; P1 score 3; P2 score 2; P3 score 1. Conclusion: Moringa leaf ethanol extract in this study can be used as adjuvant therapy because it can lower MDA and TNF-α levels in mice induced with Staphylococcus aureus along with amoxicillin standard therapy. Extract ethanol moringa leaves in this study can be used as adjuvant therapy because it can lower the score of inflammatory cells better than by only given standard therapy only Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 02 April’22 Page : 311-317

Kotoran telinga / serumen/ ear wax pada anak- anak adalah hal yang biasa dikeluhkan para orang tua, sehingga orang tua merasa serumen harus dibersihkan tanpa mengetahui tentang apa itu serumen, apa fungsi dan manfaat dari kotoran telinga. Ketidak tahuan yang mendasar ini menyebabkan orang tua sering kali memeriksakan anaknya ke dokter THT untuk dibersihkan kotoran telinganya dan tidak jarang kotoran telinga sampai mengeras bahkan sering kali menyebabkan infeksi yang berulang. Kotoran telinga yang penuh dan padat dapat mengganggu pendengaran bahkan tuli yang tidak permanen, sehingga untuk murid/ pelajar akan mengganggu dalam penerimaan pelajaran. Keadaan ini akan mengganggu proses belajar mengajar. Tujuan: Memberikan edukasi bagi masyarakat atau orang tua tentang serumen, manfaat serumen dan cara membersihkan telinga dengan benar, (2) Monitoring secara berkelanjutan tingkat pengetahuan orang tua tentang kebersihan telinga dari serumen yang keras/ obturan. Metode: Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan di Desa Muktiharjo Lor, Genuk Semarang yang diikuti 27 dengan metode penyuluhan dan pembagian kuesioner. Hasil: Didapatkan peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang kebersihan telinga. Kesimpulan: Masyarakat didesa Muktiharjo Lor, Genuk Semarang tingkat pengetahuan tentang teknik membersihkan telinga yang benar dan pengetahuan tentang dampak kebersihan telinga sangat baik sehingga diharapkan dapat mencegah terjadinya tuli sementara akibat serumen yang menumpuk dikarenakan kesalahan dalam membersihkan kotoran telinga, sehingga kegiatan ini dapat menurunkan angka ketulian di Indonesia yang merupakan program nasional dan internasional dalam pengendalian gangguan indra pendengaran: �Sound hearing 2030�.Earwax or serumen in children is a common thing that parents complain about, parents think that earwax should be cleaned without knowing what serumen is, what is the function and benefits of earwax. This basic ignorance causes parents often take their children to come to the ENT doctor to be cleaned and it is not uncommon for earwax to harden and often cause repeated infections. Full and dense earwax can interfere with hearing and even non-permanent deafness, so for students, it will interfere in the reception of lessons. This situation will interfere with the teaching and learning process. Provide education for the community or parents about serumen, the benefits of serumen and how to clean the ears properly, continuous monitoring the level of knowledge of parents about ear hygiene from earwax blockage. This community service activity was carried out in Muktiharjo Lor Village, Genuk Semarang which was attended by 27 people with the method of counseling and distribution of questionnaires. The result shows that an increase in public knowledge about ear hygiene was obtained. The community in Muktiharjo Lor, Genuk Semarang, the level of knowledge about the correct ear cleaning technique and knowledge about the impact of ear hygiene is great so that it is expected to prevent the occurrence of temporary deafness due to serum that accumulates due to errors in cleaning earwax, so that this activity can reduce the deafness rate in Indonesia which is a national and international program in control of impaired sense of hearing: "Sound hearing 2030".