An efficient approach towards introducing (cyclo)alkyl substituents at C‐2, C‐3 or C‐4 positions of the piperidine ring was described. The method relied on the straightforward two‐step reaction sequence based on the formal sp3–sp3 retrosynthetic disconnection. The procedure commenced with selective directed ortho metalation of 2‐ and 3‐bromopyridine, followed by reaction with aldehydes or ketones. The optimized methods were developed for all three isomers of hydroxyalkyl‐substituted pyridines, which were synthesized in 28–84 % overall yield (20 examples). Catalytic hydrogenation of these adducts could be performed selectively with or without retention of the hydroxyl group in their molecules, so that either (cyclo)alkylpiperidines (14 examples) or the corresponding saturated amino alcohols (16 examples) were obtained (28–96 % and 82–96 % yield, respectively). After minor modifications, the developed method was also implemented in a flow reactor and a 5 L autoclave, which allowed for the preparation of up to 0.5 kg of the representative (cyclo)alkylpiperidines.
A Cu-catalyzed, easily scalable one-pot synthesis of fused pyridines by the reaction of cyclic ketones with propargylamine is described. The protocol was optimized based on the results of more than 30 experiments. The highest product yields were achieved in i-PrOH as a solvent in the presence of 5.0 mol % CuCl 2 in air. In contrast to the wellknown Au-catalyzed protocol, our procedure is "laboratory friendly", costeffective, and suitable for preparing dozens of grams of fused pyridine-based building blocks and does not require a high-pressure autoclave technique. Decreasing the catalyst amount in the reaction to 1.25 mol % CuCl 2 provided a yield comparable to that achieved with 5 mol % catalyst, though a longer reaction time was required. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed. The scope and limitation of the reaction were studied using 24 different cyclic ketones as starting materials. The fused pyridine yield decreased among cyclic ketones in the following order: six-membered ≫ eight-membered > five-membered ∼ seven-membered. The elaborated reaction conditions demonstrated tolerance to a number of protective functional groups in ketone such as ester, tertbutoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected amine, and acetal moieties.
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