No abstract

Introduction. Modern post-coronavirus conditions of economic development indicate that one of the strategic prospects for sustainable development of Ukraine's regions is the further spread of the progressive global trend “Industry 4.0”, including industrial clusters. Clusters, as new forms of spatial organization of production, characterized by powerful mobilization opportunities and high competitiveness in global and national markets are recognized as important elements in the development of regional innovation ecosystems. They play an important role in promoting the shift and development of industrial parks. Therefore, cluster issues are relevant in all its manifestations, including at the level of research on the genesis of cluster theory from its inception to the formation of the modern (“classical”) variant. Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse the genesis and evolution of the theory of economic clusters from the XVIII century (stage of origin, which is associated with the ideas of J. Tunen) and the 90s of XX century (emergence of modern cluster theory – M. Porter). Research methods. The article used the historical method, logical-abstract, methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. The article emphasizes that the concept of “cluster” is inherent not only in economics. A thorough analysis of economic scientific sources gives grounds to claim that the first developments in cluster theory can be traced in the works of economists of various fields and schools. However, most researchers believe that the founders of cluster theory were J. Tunen and A. Marshall. In its modern form, cluster theory began to take shape in the 80's and 90's of the XX century. The ancestor of cluster theory is considered to be the famous American scientist M. Porter. It was found that M. Porter in his research uses several approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “cluster” – geographical, network, synergistic and so on. It is established that the essence and content of cluster theory M. Porter reveals through the model “Diamond”, which includes four interrelated components: factor conditions; state of demand; related and supporting industries (clusters); strategy, structure and rivalry of the firm. It is determined that the development of industrial clusters (according to M. Porter) is significantly influenced by the public and private sectors, social structure, initiatives related to the activities of the industrial cluster. The advantages and disadvantages of P. Porter's cluster theory are determined and the model of an industrial cluster is developed. Conclusion. The analysis shows that cluster ideas among scientists appear in almost all economic fields and schools, regardless of the historical period of their existence. The advantages of this form of association were known in the early twentieth century. It is established that the founder of modern cluster theory M. Porter during its creation on the basis of the concept of competitive advantage, generated different approaches and theoretical achievements of economic scientific thought (primarily spatial, innovative and network scientific theories). An important aspect of M. Porter's industrial cluster model is the synergetic effect, based on which industrial clusters through economic means (productivity, innovation, new business creation), affect competitiveness, which ultimately ensures the development of the state economy.

The tourism sector is developing at an increasing pace. Having financial opportunities, the development of personal needs and the manifestation of free time, people more choose to travel in different countries of the world and all this is associated with information opportunities. It is noted that large-scale work on tourism development has been carried out in Azerbaijan recently. Karabakh was under Armenian occupation until November 10, 2020, because of this it was excluded from these processes. Armenia, which occupies 20% of Azerbaijani lands, as in all spheres of the economy, has caused serious damage to the tourism sector.Large hotel chains have been formed in the field of accommodation and catering in the tourism sector, operators regularly stand out among tourist companies that organize control over tourist markets, and the air transport market is expanding. The article notes that the presence of hotel companies in various countries, which play a key role in the development of the tourism industry, accelerates their worldwide recognition. Factors influencing the development of tourism play a crucial role in determining the state of development of the country's tourism business.The world labor and employment markets and their structure have a certain impact on the development of tourism or vice versa. It is estimated that there are about 325 million people in the world employed in permanent or temporary jobs in tourism and related industries. As a result of the study, it was found that the employment of the population in different countries with the multiplier effect of tourism is several times higher than with direct employment. Even in countries with multiplicative efficiency of this sphere, the employment rate of the population is 4.5-11.8% higher than with direct employment and this directly affects the creation of a large number of jobs in the tourism sector and related industries, which is due to the contribution of the tourism sector to the country's GDP, the number of tourist arrivals and the growth of tourism revenues.

The analysis of existing methods for imparting a porous structure to structural composite materials is carried out. In particular, the introduction and subsequent removal of the filler, the addition of foaming agents or separately prepared foam to the suspension, as well as gas formation. Discloses a method of introducing into the material of the hollow microspheres, which finds use in the development of thermal barrier composites. The introduction and subsequent carbonization of additives is considered. A method for producing highly porous carbon-graphite materials with a uniformly distributed pore structure using isostatic pressing with pyrocarbon in the form of a binder is considered. Describes the receipt as highly porous carbon materials of foam coke based on carbon microspheres, carbon materials based on fibers, pressed carbon black, porous pyrocarbon and related materials, as well as porous glassy carbon.

Стаття присвячена актуальним питанням управління інвестиціями на підприємстві в умовах повномасштабного вторгнення російської федерації в Україну. Проаналізовано сутність понять «інвестиції» та «управління інвестиціями». Співставлено поняття «управління» та «менеджмент» й обґрунтовано використання поняття «управління інвестиціями» у статті. На основі синтезу трьох наукових підходів (системний, функціональний, процесний) визначено місце управління інвестиціями в процесі підприємницької діяльності. При дослідженні методологічних основ управління інвестиціями на підприємстві, запропоновано класифікувати принципи управління інвестиціями на такі взаємопов’язані види: інтегрованість, континуальність, гнучкість, універсальність. Розроблено загальну модель управління інвестиціями в межах підприємницької діяльності та проаналізовано основні її складові (принципи, методи, мета, завдання, інвестиційна стратегія, інвестиційна політика, інвестиційний потенціал та ін.).