The aim of this study is to define the features that smart buildings should fulfil in order to be compatible with the overall context of the smart city and to introduce a new evaluation framework of Smart Buildings Integration into a Smart City (SBISC). By analysing scientific literature as well as existing international and local project examples, the features of smart buildings that are expected to be adopted in smart cities were identified. The SBISC evaluation methodology was developed and applied to a set of selected projects. The literature review revealed that the smart building and smart city concepts were developed in different time frames and by different stakeholders and, thus, need to be realigned. The most important aspect is to employ in a smart building all the functionalities proposed by the smart areas of the city and vice versa by enabling the recommended features of smart materials, smart building services, and smart construction to serve for the surrounding systems. Nine office buildings representing smart building concept in different smart cities built within the period 2007–2018 with a total area from 10,000 m2 to 143,000 m2 were selected for the analysis. The research of selected projects revealed that the smart buildings have more potential to become smarter by utilizing smart cities capabilities in the areas of smart energy, smart mobility, smart life, and smart environment. Smart cities are the most prominent trend in creating a cohesive environment.

In this Letter we present an improvement of time-resolved off-axis digital holography by the use of tilted femtosecond laser pulses. The pulse front tilting of the reference beam with respect to the phase front allows larger crossing angles to be used for recording of digital holograms without significant reduction of pulse interference area (typically limited by low temporal coherence of ultrashort pulses). Such approach increases the area of interference fringes, thus enabling the higher resolution of the reconstructed image as well as better separation of dc term. Temporal resolution is not deteriorated by this method, as only the reference pulse is tilted. The proposed technique was applied for direct intensity clamping observations of light filaments in water using the laser pulses of 30 fs duration.

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We demonstrate a high-power, diode-pumped, pulsed Nd:YVO4 laser with a 1.2 diffraction-limited output of 9.5 W using a thin film deposition technology made aspheric mirror to correct the thermally induced phase distortion of the lasing medium.

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