Active anhydrite hydration during weathering leading to crystallisation of secondary gypsum and significant volume expansion was investigated and documented by the authors at three sites: the environs of Walkenried (Germany), Dingwall (Canada), and Pisky (Ukraine). As a result of these processes, peculiar landscape forms were created: hydration domes and ridges with empty internal chambers, some of them large enough to be called hydration caves (German: Quellungshöhlen). Currently, there are only four recognised sites on Earth featuring such a unique landscape and with a large group of hydration caves in one place (the fourth site is in the Alebastrovyye Islands, Russia). These sites constitute a particularly valuable geological and geomorphological heritage, including potential geosites and geomorphosites which require special protection. Actively growing hydration domes and caves change shape and size within a short time span, on the scale of months, years, or decades. Their study and proper protection require these changes to be monitored. Several different methods of documentation were applied in the field in order to document continuing morphological changes. The practical aspects of the use of each of these methods were assessed, demonstrating that the photogrammetric methods offer the greatest utility; not only are they the most efficient (fast and sufficiently precise) but also, compared with other methods, they yielded the most complete results. The key documentation of outcrops in Canada and Ukraine was executed with the application of terrestrial photogrammetry at Pisky (GoPro camera) and aerial photogrammetry at Dingwall (unmanned aerial vehicle). Application of these methods enabled the recording of the morphology associated with the hydration process in the form of 2.5D and 3D models as well as of orthophotomaps. The maps and the models were created using the Photoscan programme. The authors demonstrate that the photogrammetric models can be used for spatial morphological analysis of hydration forms in the ArcGIS programme. Repetition of this documentation in future will enable analysis of the morphological changes expected to occur during the progressive expansive hydration of anhydrite.

No abstract

, À.Â. ßöèøèí, ä-ð òåõí. íàóê Èí-ò ãåîõèìèè îêðóaeàþùåé ñðåäû ÍÀÍ Óêðàèíû (Óêðàèíà, 03680, Êèåâ, ïð. Ïàëëàäèíà, 34à) Ñïåöèôèêà ïðèìåíåíèÿ êîãíèòèâíîãî àíàëèçà èíôîðìàöèè â çàäà÷àõ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè Ðàññìîòðåíû ðàçëè÷íûå ïîäõîäû ê êîãíèòèâíîìó àíàëèçó èíôîðìàöèè è êîãíèòèâíîìó ìîäåëèðîâàíèþ. Ïðèâåäåíà ñåìàíòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü ïðåäìåòíîé îáëàñòè, ôîðìàëèçóþùàÿ ïîñòàíîâêó çàäà÷è êîãíèòèâíîãî àíàëèçà ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé èíôîðìàöèè. Âûäåëåíû îñíîâíûå ýòàïû îðãàíèçàöèè è ðàñøèðåíèÿ áàçû ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ çíàíèé. Ïðåäëîaeåíû ñïåöèàëüíûå øêàëû äëÿ àíàëèçà óñòîé÷èâîñòè óðáàíèçèðîâàííûõ òåððèòîðèé. Ê ë þ ÷ å â û å ñ ë î â à: êîãíèòèâíûé àíàëèç, ïîëå çíàíèé, ñåìàíòè÷åñêîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî, ïîòåíöèàëüíûé ðèñê, áàçà çíàíèé, ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå øêàëû. Ðîçãëÿíóòî ð³çí³ ï³äõîäè äî êîãí³òèâíîãî àíàë³çó ³íôîðìàö³¿ òà êîãí³òèâíîãî ìîäåëþâàííÿ. Íàâåäåíî ñåìàíòè÷íó ìîäåëü ïðåäìåòíî¿ îáëàñò³, ùî ôîðìàë³çóº ïîñòàíîâêó çàäà÷³ êîãí³òèâíîãî àíàë³çó åêîëîã³÷íî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿. Âèä³ëåíî îñíîâí³ åòàïè îðãàí³çàö³¿ ³ ðîçøèðåííÿ áàçè åêîëîã³÷íèõ çíàíü. Çàïðîïîíîâàíî ñïåö³àëüí³ øêàëè äëÿ àíàë³çó ñò³éêîñò³ óðáàí³çîâàíèõ òåðèòîð³é. Ê ë þ ÷ î â ³ ñ ë î â à: êîãí³òèâíèé àíàë³ç, ïîëå çíàíü, ñåìàíòè÷íèé ïðîñò³ð, ïîòåíö³éíèé ðèçèê, áàçà çíàíü, ñåìàíòè÷í³ øêàëè.

Based on the detailed geomorphological analysis of the terraces of the Dnister River, and of its tributaries, and the analysis of the sections of the terrace deposits, the main stages of the history of the Dnister valley development in the north-south Forecarpathians have been presented. Some existing and already firmly establishes opinions concerning the structure of the terraces, their extent, and the time of their formation were clarified. The paleogeographical events were correlated with the stages of the oxygen isotope scale, the paleomagnetical reference points and the paleogeographical (paleoclimatical) phases. Key words: Krasna planation surface, Loyeva planation surface, Starosilska planation surface, terrace, surface of the terrace, plinth (socle) of the terrace, alluvium, glacial deposits, absolute and relative datum levels.

The main lithological characteristics of the alluvium of the sandy-gravelly bed of the sixth terrace of the Dniester river (Loyeva level) at environs of Sambir was analysed, in particular textural elements, granulometric and petrographic composition of the gravelly material (enclosing coarse sands, granules, pebbles, cobbles and boulders), its roundness, and the orientation of grains. The conditions of sedimentation of the studied alluvial sandy-gravelly bed of the sixth terrace of the Dniester river (Loyeva level) were reconstructed. Key words: granulometric composition, petrographic composition, roundness, sorting, imbrication, braided channel, depositional conditions.