The European consumer policy relies on the ideal of consumer empowerment, which involves providing all consumers with detailed information on the goods on offer. This policy also applies to the electronic communications sector, and empowering consumers who are the end-users of internet access services. The author reviews behavioural law and economics literature that pertains to consumer empowerment and applies the resulting insights to interpret Article 4 (1) of Regulation 2015/2120 laying down measures concerning open internet access in a way that would truly empower the sophisticated consumers. The author also proposes advising or obliging the providers of internet access services to label those services to provide even the unsophisticated consumers with meaningful and understandable information.
EU Regulation 2015/2120 introduces a network neutrality regime into European electronic communications law. The application and enforcement of the abstract rules established by the regulation influences all the stakeholders in the internet value chain. The regulation's provisions are ambiguous and inconclusive. Legal and computer scientists must co-operate to provide an interpretation of those provisions that would, first, respect the rights of the end-users of internet access services and provide a user experience in line with the regulation, and second, respect the technical realities of managing traffic on the internet. The paper presents the legal framework of traffic management under the regulation and exposes problems which may only be resolved by a synthesis of the legal and computer science approaches. These include: the classification of traffic management measures into basic, reasonable and exceptional categories, recognized by the regulation; the admissibility of traffic classification; the definition of congestion befitting the regulation; the role of traffic management measures in congestion control. If these issues are not resolved, the exercise of the rights of endusers of internet access services may be limited, and the providers of these services may be subjected by national regulatory authorities to unreasonable obligations.
W artykule przedstawiono znaczenie konstytucyjnej zasady proporcjonalności w ocenie dopuszczalności ograniczeń reklamy zewnętrznej unormowanych w tzw. uchwale krajobrazowej. Opisano wartości-cele, których osiągnięciu służyć może uchwała, oraz wartości, którym uchwała ta może zagrażać (prawo własności, swoboda działalności gospodarczej). Dokonano analizy dopuszczalności poszczególnych rodzajów restrykcji odnoszących się do tablic i urządzeń reklamowych, w tym szyldów. Zwrócono uwagę na potrzebę uwzględnienia interesów przedsiębiorców. Słowa kluczowe: zasada proporcjonalności, uchwała krajobrazowa, tablice i urządzenia reklamowe, szyldy Wprowadzenie W demokratycznym państwie prawnym organy władzy publicznej, w tym organy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, mają obowiązek działać w sposób praworządny, co oznacza, że każde ich działanie musi nie tylko mieć podstawę prawną, lecz także mieścić się w granicach wyznaczonych przez prawo. Do tych
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