The paper focuses on an experimental topic relating to the field of friction welding process of a nodular cast iron. The microstructures, phase transformation, temperature distributions, microhardness, and tensile test are all studied within the framework of the paper in question. Maximum temperature measurements in the axial center and periphery of the analyzed joints were equal to 950 and 840°C, respectively. Both temperature and increasing temperature gradient at the axial center were higher than those at the periphery. The maximum tensile strength of the examined friction-welded nodular cast iron joints was 53% of that of the parent metal. The welding region was composed of deformed graphite nodules, coarse pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite, and acicular martensite. Highly deformed graphite nodules were distributed along the weld interface due to the material flow in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). In the central zone, graphite displayed a striped configuration and ferrite transformed into a martensite structure. In the peripheral region, graphite surrounded by martensite kept the form of individual granules. Maximum hardness at the interface in the TMAZ and the heat-affected zone reached 603 HV and 345 HV, respectively. The executed microstructure analysis showed that the cracks started occurring mostly at the interface of the deformed graphite nodules and then spread through the grain boundaries of metal matrix. The fracture surface appearance showed a cleavage fracture in the peripheral zone and a little dimple fracture around graphite nodules in the central zone.

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The temperature distributions, microstructure, and mechanical properties of tungsten composite with aluminum alloy friction-welded joints are presented in this paper. The effects of welding parameters on flash diameter, shortening, joint efficiency, microhardness, and microstructure were studied. Empirical temperature models for heating and cooling phases are proposed in this study. The predicted maximum temperatures at the periphery and in the axis of aluminum specimens were close to 550 °C and 480 °C at the interface, respectively. Moreover, the peak temperature in the weld zone was studied analytically. A maximum tensile strength of 234 MPa was reached for the following welding parameters: friction time of 3.5 s and friction force of 12.5 kN. The efficiency of the welded samples decreased after reaching the maximum value, with an increase of friction time and force. Maximum hardness at the interface and the half-radius reached 100 HV and 80 HV in the aluminum alloy joints, respectively. Dynamic recrystallisation areas on the aluminum alloy side were observed. Transmission electron microscopy observations of the microstructure in the aluminum alloy revealed the presence of a high dislocation density compared to the parent material.