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SUMMARYA Galerkin=least-squares (GLS) ÿnite element formulation for problem of consolidation of fully saturated two-phase media is presented. The elimination of spurious pressure oscillations appearing at the early stage of consolidation for standard Galerkin ÿnite elements with equal interpolation order for both displacements and pressures is the goal of the approach. It will be shown that the least-squares term, based exclusively on the residuum of the uid ow continuity equation, added to the standard Galerkin formulation enhances its stability and can fully eliminate pressure oscillations. A reasonably simple framework designed for derivation of one-dimensional as well as multi-dimensional estimates of the stabilization factor is proposed and then veriÿed. The formulation is validated on one-dimensional and then on two-dimensional, linear and non-linear test problems. The e ect of the uid incompressibility as well as compressibility will be taken into account and investigated.

SUMMARYThis study presents a numerical approach designed for material parameter identification for the coupled hydro-mechanical boundary value problem (BVP) of the piezocone test (CPTU) in normally and lightly overconsolidated clayey soils. The study is presented in two related papers and it explores the possibility of using neural networks (NNs) to solve the complex inverse problem of the penetration test, including partially drained conditions. It has been demonstrated that the development of NN-based inverse models can be based on training data sets that consist of pseudo-experimental measurements derived from numerical simulations of the piezocone test. The first paper presents the development of the FE model of the studied problem, which can be used to generate a training data population corresponding to typical piezocone measurements that are obtained for clayey soils. The paper contains a detailed description of the numerical model with a sensitivity analysis with respect to different model parameters including the effect of partial drainage. The analysis also includes the model verification by means of a comparative analysis with numerical models of penetration proposed in the literature, as well as experimental evidence. Finally, owing to the loss of accuracy observed when applying a 'rough' frictional interface in the Updated Lagrangian formulation, an equivalent semi-numerical model for the piezocone test is proposed, taking into account a possible occurrence of partial drainage during penetration.

SUMMARYThis paper presents a numerical procedure of material parameter identification for the coupled hydromechanical boundary value problem (BVP) of the self-boring pressuremeter test (SBPT) in clay. First, the neural network (NN) technique is applied to obtain an initial estimate of model parameters, taking into account the possible drainage conditions during the expansion test. This technique is used to avoid potential pitfalls related to the conventional gradient-based optimization techniques, considered here as a corrector that improves predicted parameters. Parameter identification based on measurements obtained through the pressuremeter expansion test and two types of holding tests is illustrated on the Modified Cam clay model. NNs are trained using a set of test samples, which are generated by means of finite element simulations of SBPT. The measurements obtained through expansion and consolidation tests are normalized so that NN predictors operate independently of the testing depth. Examples of parameter determination are demonstrated on both numerical and field data. The efficiency of the combined parameter identification in terms of accuracy, effectiveness and computational effort is also discussed.

SUMMARYA two-level procedure designed for the estimation of constitutive model parameters is presented in this paper. The neural network (NN) approach at the first level is applied to achieve the first approximation of parameters. This technique is used to avoid potential pitfalls related to the conventional gradient-based optimization techniques, considered here as a corrector that improves predicted parameters. The feedforward NN (FFNN) and the modified Gauss-Newton algorithms are briefly presented. The proposed framework is verified for the elasto-plastic modified Cam Clay model that can be calibrated based on standard triaxial laboratory tests, i.e. the isotropic consolidation test and the drained compression test. Two different formulations of the input data to the NN, enhanced by a dimensional reduction of experimental data using principal component analysis, are presented. The determination of model characteristics is demonstrated, first on numerical pseudo-experiments and then on the experimental data. The efficiency of the proposed approach by means of accuracy and computational effort is also discussed.