Proceeding from an in-depth analysis of the Liberty of Bruges, an important rural district in the late medieval Low Countries, this contribution frames rural elite formation by means of two debates which are seldom used in combination, namely, the debates on state building and on the commercialisation of rural society. We challenge the thesis, inspired by modernisation theory, that socio-economic transformation engendered political change in pre-modern Europe as newly emerging rural bourgeoisies are alleged to have become an important political factor, shifting their allegiances between lords and peasants as they saw fit. The evidence discussed shows instead a trend towards oligarchy from the fifteenth century onwards, in which an increasingly exclusive social network came to combine hitherto separated forms of political power, largely at the expense of the growing number of wealthy rural bourgeois. It is argued that this transformation of the rural political elites is closely tied to changes in the established relations between the central government and the regional elites of the Low Countries.
Kastelen en walsites in het Brugse Vrije tijdens de late middeleeuwen ( ca. 1350-1500 )1In Vlaanderen kent de moated site ( ook wel site met walgracht of walsite genaamd) een vrij recente historiografische traditie. Hoewel incidenteel doorheen de 19de en 2o st e eeuw studies verschenen waarin het fenomeen werd opgemerkt of zijdelings werd aangekaart, ging men ze pas vanaf de jaren '70 van de 2o st e eeuw min of meer systematisch bestuderen. 2 Een vastomlijnde invulling van het begrip moated site is er niet.3 De eenvoud van de term is enigszins misleidend, omdat hieronder een brede waaier aan sites wordt verstaan met vrij gelijkaardige maar toch verschillende verschijningsvormen, morfologie en inplanting in het landschap, waarbij het voornaamste verenigend kenmerk de brede, maar relatief ondiepe walgracht was. 4 Deze walgracht was hoofdzakelijk aan-
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