On 18 June 2013, a damaging flood of the Garona River (Val d'Aran, Central Pyrenees, Spain) caused losses exceeding EUR 100 million. Flood events are rarely related to the geologic, tectonic and geomorphologic context. This study bridges the gap between the short-and long-term processes scope. The upper reach of the Garona River was 5 studied considering different space and time scales in order to establish a relationship between present short-term fluvial processes and the long-term evolution of the area. There is a clear entrenchment tendency of the drainage network since the Miocene. Post-orogenic exhumation and uplift of the Axial Pyrenees proves the recent and active tectonics of the area which leads to valley entrenchment. The last Upper Pleistocene 10 glaciation affected the Aran valley and gave rise to a destabilisation period during the glacial-interglacial transition, characterised by a postglacial incision tendency. Mean entrenchment rates between 0.68 and 1.56 mm yr −1 since deglaciation have been estimated. During the Holocene, the valley evolution is mostly marked by vertical incision and recent fluvial dynamics is characterised by the predominance of erosive 15 processes. The 2013 flood produced lateral and/or vertical erosion along almost all the river length in Val d'Aran. These results suggest that the long-term tendency of the fluvial system is reflected in short-term processes. Thus, understanding the fluvial network development and evolution of the upper reach of the Garona River will serve to predict river response during flood events. This study helps to improve flood risk 20 management, which needs to take into account the long-term river dynamics.