The Center for 21st Century Studies, a UW System Center of Excellence at the University of WisconsinMilwaukee, is a postdoctoral research institute founded in 1968 to foster cross-disciplinary research in the humanities. This series of occasional, online Working Papers provides a forum for rapid distribution of ideas in texts that are not yet ready or suitable for publication in more formal academic publications, but still offer valuable content. Usually the authors of Center Working Papers will be Center fellows, invited speakers, or others with significant ties to the Center, although we reserve the right to make exceptions. We regret that we are unable to consider unsolicited submissions.

Aneesh Aneesh (AA): As you know the notion of assemblage has received a variety of interpretations in the last two decades. Science and technology studies follow a variant of the concept that mostly eschews the virtual and celebrates the actual, emphasising the hybridity and heterogeneity of elements in actornetworks. Earlier, in the works of Deleuze and Guattari, virtual/actual dimensions of becoming, difference and emergence-such as the emergent assemblage (agencement) of the wasp and orchid-acquire significance. You have yourself produced a prominent version of the idea in your work. I wonder if you could elaborate on your contribution to this growing theoretical field. Saskia Sassen (SS): Very glad you asked this question as it is a chance to clarify my specific use of the term. As a concept, assemblages is a pretty straightforward and clear term. Carpenters also use it: that is one way of putting it. For me it is part of a longer struggle I have had with dominant categories in the social sciences. I have long been tracking formations that bring together elements of established fields that usually do not mix. I think this is partly the result of the types of questions that tend to guide my research, or, more directly put, that obsess me. General standard categories-society, the state, the city, the economy, the global economy, the developed world and the underdeveloped world. .. these and so many more-do not work for me. I use them mostly for shorthand or to communicate. But they are not quite working categories for me: they are more like a familiar code, one that all readers can understand.

This article contributes a coherent framework to the rich literature emerging in the field of algorithmic governance while also resolving conflicting understandings. Tracing the history of algorithmic governance to the broad architecture of the universal Turing Machine, the article identifies a common thread of critical concern in the literature on algorithmic governance: the growing institutional capabilities to move contestable issues to a space of reduced negotiability, raising questions of social asymmetry, inequity, and inequality. Within the social context of algorithmic governance, the article highlights three general areas of concern where the social negotiability of processes is threatened: the problem of power (surveillance), discrimination (social bias), and identification (system identity).

Eye cancer is extremely rare. It can harm the eye's outer parts, such as the eyelid, which is made up of muscles, skin, and nerves. Intraocular cancer occurs when cancer begins inside the eyeball. Melanoma and lymphoma are perhaps the very familiar intraocular cancers in grown-up person. Retinoblastoma, which begins in the cells of the retina, seems to be the most common type of eye cancer in children. Cancer can also disperse from several other parts of the human body to the eye. Therapies for eye cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Radiation therapy, Surgery, laser therapy, and freezing or heat therapy are all the possibilities. Medical imaging techniques such as Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography supports in obtaining the anatomical structure of the eye. By the introduction of the image segmentation algorithms, the infected portion in the eye image is segmented and the information such as the size and location of the tumor is also identified. This can assist the clinicians make more rapid and accurate diagnosis. The various studies using conventional segmentation methodologies on Retinoblastoma were reviewed in this paper.

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