Background: Thoracic irradiation (TIR) is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary-related death. Lung cancer patients receive considerable doses of TIR, making them a high-risk population that may benefit from post-therapy surveillance. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a known biomarker of CAD development and may serve as a useful indicator of disease progression in this population. We hypothesized greater CAC progression in lung cancer patients subjected to higher whole heart radiation doses. Methods: CAC progression (pre-and >2 years post-TIR) from chest CT scans of lung cancer patients were evaluated. A 2:1 matched control population was established controlling for age, gender, race, and CT scan interval. Vessel-specific CAC presence, progression, and extension in pre-and post-interval CT studies was evaluated by two blinded reviewers using the ordinal method. Dosimetric treatment files were restored and contours of the whole heart and proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) were created within existing plans to compute radiation doses (Pinnacle Treatment Planning Software). Binary logistic regression analysis identified factors predictive for CAC development. Multiple logistic regression analysis with hierarchal method was used to assess covariates. Results: Thirty-five patients and 65 controls (50% female) were evaluated; mean age 57 years, mean follow-up post-radiation 4.9±2.2 years. Average mean and maximum left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) radiation doses were 19.9 Gy (95% CI, 14.1-25.7) and 30.7 Gy (95% CI, 23.8-37.5), respectively; 91.6% inter-observer variability. There was greater incidence of coronary calcification in irradiated patients (48.6% vs. 24.6%; P=0.01). In interval CT scans, a greater proportion of radiated patients demonstrated new coronary calcification (P=0.007) and extension within the LAD (P=0.003). Radiation exposure was the only independent predictor of new calcification (OR 3.1; 95% CI: 1.09-9.2). Conclusions:We identified both an increase in the development and progression of CAC in lung cancer patients receiving TIR. Future studies utilizing alternative cancer populations and larger sample sizes are necessary to further correlate radiographic and dosimetric observations to cardiovascular events.

Introduction: Assessment of cardiac function after treatment for breast cancer relies on interval evaluation of ventricular function through echocardiography. Women who undergo mastectomy more frequently choose to undergo breast reconstruction with implant. This could impede assessment of cardiac function in those with leftsided implant. We aimed to examine whether left-sided breast reconstruction with tissue expanders (TE) affect echo image acquisition and quality, possibly affecting clinical decision-making. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in 190 female breast cancer patients who had undergone breast reconstruction with TE at an urban academic center. Echocardiographic technical assessment and image quality were respectively classified as excellent/good or adequate/technically difficult by technicians; and excellent/good or adequate/poor by 2 board-certified cardiologist readers. Likelihood ratio was used to test multivariate associations between image quality and left-sided TE. Results: We identified 32 women (81.3% white; mean age 48 years) with left-sided/bilateral TE, and 158 right-sided/ no TE (76.6% white, mean age 57 years). In multivariable analyses, we found a statistically significant difference in technician-assessed difficulty in image acquisition between cases and controls (p = 0.01); but no differences in physician-assessed image quality between cases and controls (p = 0.09, Pearson's r = 0.467). Conclusions: Left-sided breast TE appears to affect the technical difficulty of echo image acquisition, but not physician-assessed echo image quality. This likely means that echo technicians absorb most of the impediments associated with imaging patients with breast TE such that the presence of TE has no bearing on downstream clinical decision-making associated with echo image quality.

Biliary and gallbladder diseases in infants and children often present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that require a fundamental understanding of notable biliary diseases and anatomical variations. Surgical and endoscopic approaches that are often the gold standard in adult biliary treatment may be technically challenging and are associated with a high morbidity that may warrant a multidisciplinary treatment approach. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of the biliary conditions where interventional radiology can play a vital role in the diagnosis, management, and treatment. Differences in approach or technique between children and adults will be highlighted.

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Objectives This study aims to report the technical results of below-the-elbow arterial revascularization in patients with critical hand ischemia. Methods We retrospectively identified upper extremity critical limb ischemia patients treated with below-the-elbow arterial intervention between 2013 and 2017. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and procedural data were reviewed and technical success was evaluated. Results Seven patients with 12 arteries that were affected by critical hand ischemia were treated. All patients had a history of end-stage renal disease. The technical success rate was 83.3%. There were no major or minor complications. The average follow-up duration was 9 months (2–26 months). One patient underwent a digital amputation at 8 months. Conclusion Arterial revascularization of the below-the-elbow arteries for critical hand ischemia is safe and technically feasible.