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ABSTRACT. Differences in regional unemployment are still pronounced in Germany, especially between eastern and western Germany. Although the skill level seems important for the relationship between regional disparities and labor migration, corresponding empirical evidence is scarce. Applying dynamic panel models, we investigate the impact of labor mobility differentiated by educational attainment of the workers on regional unemployment disparities between 2000 and 2008. The impact of low-and medium-skilled migration is consistent with traditional neoclassical reasoning, suggesting that labor mobility reduces differences in regional unemployment rates. In contrast, the migration of high-skilled workers tends to reinforce disparities.

This paper demonstrates the high sensitivity of youth's fear of failure to local culture, in terms of its persistence across space and its change (hysteresis) in times of economic shocks, which renders entrepreneurship a very dubious tool for tackling youth unemployment especially in times of crisis. The paper compares in particular the propensity to entrepreneurship among young people in Germany and Greece as a function of their fear-of-failure and its variation across space (Greece and Germany) and over time (before and after the crisis in 2007). Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) provides a pooled cross-section for the period 2003 -2010. We address the data using a probit model with year fixed effects. Regarding the influence of personal fear-of-failure, we find that youth between 15-24 years of age are less entrepreneurial in both Greece and Germany, while the 25-34 years old young adults in Greece are already at the same entrepreneurial level as an average adult. Our findings also support existing gender differentials in both countries, which generally phase out among young people. Yet, country differences in perceptions have the greatest impact on entrepreneurial propensity. Regarding the local cultural characteristics, there is evidence of cultural embeddedness and cultural persistence effects especially among youth between 15 and 24 years of age which makes entrepreneurship an unsuitable tool for handling youth unemployment especially for this age group.

Kurzfassung Die Untersuchung beschreibt die interregionale Mobilität von Arbeitskräften in Deutschland, wobei sowohl Wandern und Pendeln als auch das Qualifikationsniveau der Beschäftigten berücksichtigt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Arbeitskräftemobilirät in Deutschland wesentlich durch die unterschiedlichen Arbeitsmarktbedingungen in Ost- und Westdeutschland beeinflusst wird. Ostdeutschland ist durch die Abwanderung von Arbeitskräften und einen Auspendlerüberschuss gegenüber dem Westen gekennzeichnet. Bemerkenswert ist, dass diese Verluste bei den geringqualifizierten Arbeitskräften vergleichsweise stark ausfallen. Hingegen sind die Humankapitalverluste der ostdeutschen Regionen im Bereich der Hochqualifizierten gemessen an der Bedeutung dieses Qualifikationssegments eher niedrig.