Larger size of ASD using the QP/QS ratio and increased right-sided tricuspid E/e' ratio correlated with severe PH with a sPAP of 70 mm Hg or more. Patients with severe PH had more severe RV dysfunction as evaluated by TAPSE and RVFSA in comparison to those with PH <70 mm Hg. LV diastolic function was also reduced in the severe PH group.

Although 350,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) events 13 occur annually in the U.S. with rates of survival to hospital discharge 14 of <10%, 1,2 survival is even lower for residents in Black communi-15 ties. 3 A significant contributor to this disparity is lower rates of 16 bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 4 due to lower CPR 17 training rates in non-White communities. 5 In response, many states 18 have enacted legislation to provide school-based CPR training to 19 promote universal CPR competence. However, the COVID-19 pan-20 demic has limited in-person education. We piloted a virtual CPR 21 training program for high school students of predominantly non-22 White race during the pandemic and examined whether this 23 approach could be effective in building knowledge and confidence 24 in delivering bystander CPR.

Structural racism in the United States underlies racial disparities in the criminal justice system, in the healthcare system generally, and with regards to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the year 2020, these inequities combined and magnified to such a degree that it left Black Americans and physicians caring for them questioning how much Black lives matter. Academic medical centers and the major cardiology organizations responded to a global call to end racism with bold statements and initiatives. Interventional cardiologists utilize advanced equipment to mechanically treat a wide spectrum of heart problems, yet this technology has not been applied in an equitable manner. Interventional therapies are often underutilized in Blacks, exacerbating healthcare disparities and contributing to the excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these communities. Racial bias, whether intentional, unconscious, systemic, or at the individual level, plays a role in these disparities. Many in the interventional cardiology community aspire to take intentional steps to reduce the impact of bias and racism in our specialty. We discuss several proposals here and provide a "report card" for interventional programs to perform a self-assessment.

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