In this research, the purpose is to study the solid–liquid equilibrium solubility of pymetrozine and the influence of the solvent effect on solubility. The solubility of pymetrozine was measured by using a static equilibrium method. The solubility of pymetrozine increases with increasing temperature, and the solubility from high to low is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.8623 × 10–2, 298.15 K) > N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 0.5147 × 10–2, 298.15 K) > N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP, 0.2946 × 10–2, 298.15 K) > 1,4-dioxane (0.6289 × 10–3, 298.15 K) > 2-propanol (0.3913 × 10–3, 298.15 K) > 1-butanol (0.3319 × 10–3, 298.15 K); moreover, in the binary solvents system, solubility increases to a maximum with increasing temperature and DMF (and NMP, DMSO, 1,4-dioxane) and then decreases with further increase of the cosolvent. The relationships between solubility and temperature together with solvent composition were described by six common models. The values of relative average deviation and root-mean-square deviation were no larger than 1.03% and 6.70 × 10–5, respectively. In order to choose the best model for pymetrozine, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used for assessing the relative suitability of selected models. Compared with calculation results of above models, the Apelblat equation is the best model for solubility correlation of pymetrozine in monosolvents because the value of AIC of the Apelblat equation is lowest and the value is −1113.03; besides, for mixed solvents, the Jouyban–Acree model is the best model. All in all, these correlation models were all appositeness for the solubility of pymetrozine in all experimental solvent systems.

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Zinc–iodine (Zn–I2) batteries have garnered significant attention for their high energy density, low cost, and inherent safety. However, several challenges, including polyiodide dissolution and shuttling, sluggish iodine redox kinetics, and low electrical conductivity, limit their practical applications. Herein, we designed a highly efficient electrocatalyst for Zn–I2 batteries by uniformly dispersing Ni single atoms (NiSAs) on hierarchical porous carbon skeletons (NiSAs-HPC). In situ Raman analysis revealed that the conversion of soluble polyiodides (I3 – and I5 –) was significantly accelerated using NiSAs-HPC because of the remarkable electrocatalytic activity of NiSAs. The resulting Zn–I2 batteries with NiSAs-HPC/I2 cathodes delivered exceptional rate capability (121 mAh g–1 at 50 C), and ultralong cyclic stability (over 40 000 cycles at 50 C). Even under 11.6 mg cm–2 iodine, Zn–I2 batteries still exhibited an impressive cyclic stability with a capacity retention of 93.4% and 141 mAh g–1 after 10 000 cycles at 10 C.

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