BackgroundSome Lutzomyia species are the vectors of human leishmaniasis in the Americas. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are both endemic in the Pacific region of Honduras, but the non-ulcerative form is the more frequent clinical manifestation in this region, where Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most abundant and the only incriminated vector. Taxonomic identification and distribution studies of sand flies are important to understand the epidemiology and to control these neglected tropical diseases.ResultsHere, we identified more than 13,000 Lutzomyia specimens captured in Isla del Tigre, Honduras, through a classical morphological approach. The two most common species were Lutzomyia evansi and Lu. longipalpis, and this is the first report of three Lutzomyia species on this island. The blood meal source was successfully identified for five sand fly species. A barcode analysis using the cox1 mitochondrial marker proved to be effective in discriminating between species and seems to be a valuable tool for future epidemiological studies including a wider geographical area.ConclusionThis study updates the diversity and blood meal sources of Lutzomyia species in an island endemic for non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Pacific region of Honduras, and determines the effectiveness of the barcoding approach to discriminate species, as a complementary tool to classical morphology.

BackgroundThe incidence of malaria in the Americas has decreased markedly in recent years. Honduras and the other countries of Mesoamerica and the island of Hispaniola have set the goal of eliminating native malaria by the year 2020. To achieve this goal, Honduras has recently approved national regulations to expand the possibilities of a shortened double dose primaquine (PQ) treatment for vivax malaria. Considering this new shortened anti-malarial treatment, the high frequency of G6PDd genotypes in Honduras, and the lack of routinely assessment of the G6PD deficiency status, this study aimed at investigating the potential association between the intake of PQ and haemolysis in malaria-infected G6PDd subjects.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort and open-label study. Participants with malaria were recruited. Plasmodium vivax infection was treated with 0.25 mg/kg of PQ daily for 14 days. Safety and signs of haemolysis were evaluated by clinical criteria and laboratory values before and during the 3rd and 7th day of PQ treatment. G6PD status was assessed by a rapid test (CareStart™) and two molecular approaches.ResultsOverall 55 participants were enrolled. The frequency of G6PD deficient genotypes was 7/55 (12.7%), where 5/7 (71.4%) were hemizygous A− males and 2/7 (28.6%) heterozygous A− females. Haemoglobin concentrations were compared between G6PD wild type (B) and G6PDd A− subjects, showing a significant difference between the means of both groups in the 3rd and 7th days. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was evident in the change in haemoglobin concentration between the 3rd day and the 1st day for both genotypes, but there was no statistical difference for the change in haemoglobin concentration between the 7th day and the 1st day. Besides these changes in the haemoglobin concentrations, none of the patients showed signs or symptoms associated with severe haemolysis, and none needed to be admitted to a hospital for further medical attention.ConclusionsThe findings support that the intake of PQ during 14 days of treatment against vivax malaria is safe in patients with a class III variant of G6PDd. In view of the new national regulations in the shortened treatment of vivax malaria for 7 days, it is advisable to be alert of potential cases of severe haemolysis that could occur among G6PD deficient hemizygous males with a class II mutation such as the Santamaria variant, previously reported in the country.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2564-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The countries of Central America and the island of Hispaniola have set the goal of eliminating malaria in less than a decade. Although efforts to reduce the malaria burden in the region have been successful, there has been an alarming increase in cases in the Nicaraguan Moskitia since 2014. The continuous decrease in cases between 2000 and 2014, followed by a rapid expansion from 2015 to the present, has generated a potential bottleneck effect in the populations of Plasmodium spp. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. falciparum and the decrease in allelic richness in this population. The polymorphic regions of the pfmsp-1 and pfmsp-2 genes of patients with falciparum malaria from Honduras and Nicaragua were analyzed using nested PCR and sequencing. Most of the samples were classified into the K1 allelic subfamily of the pfmsp-1 gene and into the 3D7 subfamily of the pfmsp-2 gene. Despite the low genetic diversity found, more than half of the samples presented a polyclonal K1/RO33 haplotype. No sequence polymorphisms were found within each allelic subfamily. This study describes a notable decrease in the genetic diversity of P. falciparum in the Moskitia region after a bottleneck phenomenon. These results will be useful for future epidemiological investigations and the monitoring of malaria transmission in Central America.

La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por un protozoo del género Leishmania. En Honduras es una importante causa de morbilidad. El propósito del estudio fue caracterizar la eco epidemiología de la leishmaniasis cutánea no ulcerada (LCNU) en Honduras. Se seleccionaron 4 municipios endémicos a LCNU (Amapala, San Francisco de Coray, Reitoca y Alubarén). Para realizar la captura de Lutzomyia se usaron trampas miniatura tipo CDC, los individuos capturados fueron identificados según los criterios de Young & Duncan. Se realizaron búsquedas de pacientes en conjunto con personal de la Secretaría de Salud de Honduras para realizar la caracterización de las especies de Leishmania usando PCR. Se determinó la ingesta alimenticia de las hembras ingurgitadas utilizando la amplificación de ITS de los principales animales domésticos y humanos. Se colectaron 156 muestras de pacientes con sospecha clínica de LCNU 130 (83.33 %), resultaron positivas a Leishmania spp., siendo Leishmania infantum/chagasi la única especie circulante en la zona. Por medio de la utilización de criterios de Young & Duncan, se logró identificar un total de 5,951 Lutzomyia, de la cuales 3,543 (60 %) son machos y 2,404 (40 %) son hembras con o sin ingesta de sangre. De esta población de insectos capturados, se identificaron diez especies de Lutzomyia, siendo Lu. longipalpis, Lu. evansi y Lu. cruciata las de mayor predominio. Los cuatro municipios presentaron una baja diversidad de especies de Lutzomyia (DMg =1.04). Se analizaron 450 hembras ingurgitadas de las especies: Lu. longipalpis, Lu. cruciata, Lu. evansi, Lu. chiapanensis y Lu. sanguinaria. Las principales fuentes alimenticias encontradas fueron: Gallus gallus, Sus scrofa, Canis familiaris. Se encontró una tasa de infección del 0.27 %, encontrándose a Lu. longipalpis infectada con Leishmania infantum/ chagasi. Con este estudio se logró caracterizar la eco epidemiología de la LCNU en Honduras, confirmando a L. chagasi/infantum como el principal agente etiológico y a Lu. longiplapis su principal vector. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i14.1799 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 14, junio 2014: 115-128

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