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This paper presents the first EU-wide individual farm level model (IFM-CAP-Individual Farm Model for CAP Analysis) to assess the impacts of the crop diversification measure introduced by the 2013 CAP reform as part of CAP 'greening'. Based on Positive Mathematical Programming, IFM-CAP simulates the behaviour of each individual farmer in the EU-FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) database, under the policy constraint of crop diversification and provides distributional impacts over the entire EU farm population. Simulation results show that the effects of the crop diversification measure on the EU farming sector are rather small. At the aggregate EU level, the proportion of the reallocated area due to the diversification measure represents less than 1 % of the total agricultural area and the crop production and income decline by less than 0.5 %. At the individual farm level, the impacts could be more pronounced (more than-25 %), although the number of affected farms by the measure remains small (around 5 % of the total farm population). The most constraining component of the diversification measure appears to be the 75 % threshold imposed for the main cultivated crop.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims at improving the ecological status of the water bodies in Europe. In this context, some rivers are currently being restored and, in accordance with this Directive, the restoration actions have to be evaluated from a socio‐economic approach. This work applies the Choice Modelling method to the WFD provisions for river restoration. This method proves to be useful for the economic valuation of the restoration measures, as well as a very important tool for people's public participation. In this sense, the water quality improvement has been defined as a priority action from a social point of view. Moreover, the method used has provided answers to both basic questions included in the WFD: the calculation of the economic value of the Segura River's ecological flow, the decrease of which would pose an environmental cost, and the estimation of the environmental income generated by this river.

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The authors are solely responsible for the content of the paper. The views expressed are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission.