This contribution summarizes Kluge's (2014) A grammar of Papuan Malay, an indepth linguistic description of one Papuan Malay variety. 2 This study is based on sixteen hours of recordings of spontaneous narratives and conversations between Papuan Malay speakers, recorded from a sample of about 60 different Papuan Malay speakers; in addition, an extended word list was recorded. "Papuan Malay" refers to the easternmost varieties of Malay; they belong to the Malayic sub-branch within the Western-Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. The Papuan Malay varieties are spoken in the coastal areas of West Papua, the western part of the island of New Guinea. The variety described here is spoken in the Sarmi area, which is located about 300 km west of Jayapura. Both towns are situated on the northeast coast of West Papua (see Map 1). Papuan Malay is the language of wider communication and the first or second language for an ever-increasing number of people of the area; the

Symptoms caused by disease are easier for patients to live with than more general nonspecific symptoms. Taking into account that some adverse effects of disease or therapy are partially irreversible, target values additional to changes of HRQL can be helpful when interpreting data.

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The existence of word stress in Indonesian languages has been controversial. Recent acoustic analyses of Papuan Malay suggest that this language has word stress, counter to other studies and unlike closely related languages. The current study further investigates Papuan Malay by means of lexical (non-acoustic) analyses of two different aspects of word stress. In particular, this paper reports two distribution analyses of a word corpus, 1) investigating the extent to which stress patterns may help word recognition and 2) exploring the phonological factors that predict the distribution of stress patterns. The facilitating role of stress patterns in word recognition was investigated in a lexical analysis of word embeddings. The results show that Papuan Malay word stress (potentially) helps to disambiguate words. As for stress predictors, a random forest analysis investigated the effect of multiple morpho-phonological factors on stress placement. It was found that the mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ play a central role in stress placement, refining the conclusions of previous work that mainly focused on /ɛ/. The current study confirms that non-acoustic research on stress can complement acoustic research in important ways. Crucially, the combined findings on stress in Papuan Malay so far give rise to an integrated perspective to word stress, in which phonetic, phonological and cognitive factors are considered.

This paper describes a synchronic analysis of grammatical features elicited among the Gbe language varieties of West Africa, conducted to explore how the investigated varieties might be treated as clusters and to establish priorities for further sociolinguistic research. For some of the investigated varieties, the current synchronic typological analysis yields a classification within the Gbe language continuum that differs from the findings of more recent sociolinguistic surveys conducted among some of the Gbe communities as well as from the findings of Capo's (1991) and Stewart's (1994) diachronic genetic analyses. The paper discusses how the results of these different approaches compare to each other, how the identified disparities should be weighted, and what conclusions can be drawn from these findings.Rather than setting these approaches in opposition to each other, this paper proposes a multifaceted approach to linguistic data interpretation. The paper exemplifies how the results obtained through the synchronic typological analysis may be used to inform more in-depth sociolinguistic research by comparing its results to the findings of diachronic genetic studies and Rapid Appraisal sociolinguistic surveys. This approach would in turn directly influence language program development decisions as to the extensibility of already existing literature.