This study compares the behavioral and cardiovascular response to methylphenidate (0.5 mg i.v.) in 10 cocaine abusers and 20 controls. Methylphenidate induced a long-lasting increase in blood pressure and pulse rate in both groups of subjects. It also induced a short-lasting ‘high’ (27 min) and longer-lasting ‘restlessness’ (67 min). In the normal subjects, but not in the cocaine abusers, methylphenidate significantly increased sexual desire and induced a subjective experience of ‘loss of control’. In the cocaine abusers, methylphenidate consistently induced cocaine craving. While 90% of the cocaine abusers reported methylphenidate as pleasurable, only 50% of the normal subjects did. Cocaine abusers reported that the ‘high’ induced by methylphenidate was similar to that of cocaine but lasted longer and was associated with more physical effects.
Background-Previous studies on nutrition counselling self-efficacy assessed small groups of dietitians in focused practice areas or evaluated the effectiveness of skills training on only a few skills. This descriptive study developed a comprehensive scale to examine self-efficacy in a large, cross-sectional sample of practising dietitians in performing various counselling skills that promote dietary behaviour changes.
Objective
To develop and apply a framework exploring the extent of involvement in promoting environmental changes to prevent obesity by a group of nutrition educators (NE)
Design
Cross-sectional, mixed methods: qualitative interviews informed framework development; survey applied framework to describe NE’s involvement in environmental changes.
Setting
Cooperative Extension in New York State
Participants
Interviewees (n=7) selected to vary in environmental change activities and rural/urban location. Survey response rate was 100% (n=58).
Phenomenon of Interest/Variables Measured
Dimensions and degree of NE’s involvement in promoting environmental change.
Analysis
Thematic analysis of qualitative data, triangulated with descriptive analyses of NE’s performance of tasks in various settings.
Results
NE’s promotion of environmental changes was characterized using framework based on settings and tasks, dimensions that emerged from qualitative analysis. NE’s actions varied across these dimensions and ranged from low to high intensity of collaboration and leadership for environmental change. Most NE surveyed reported actions limited to providing information and recommendations on healthy eating and physical activity. Few reported intensive engagement in developing, implementing, and evaluating plans to change environments for obesity prevention.
Conclusions and Implications
Framework identifies the levels of engagement in promoting environmental changes and supports future research and practice of community nutrition professionals by providing a roadmap for assessing their involvement on multiple levels to prevent obesity.
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