Native American stereotypes are apparently characterized by both noble and ignoble subgroups, highlighting the importance of studying stereotypes at the subgroup level. (PsycINFO Database Record

For over 50 years, a debate has existed over the use of Native American sports mascots; however, few empirical studies on the topic exist. The present study examined if supraliminal exposure to Native American mascots results in the application of negative stereotypes toward Native American people. Results indicated that the effect of Native American mascots was moderated by people's racial attitudes toward Native people. When exposed to Native mascots, people with a prejudiced attitude rated a Native American individual more stereotypically aggressive than those with a non-prejudiced attitude. However, this pattern did not occur when people were exposed to White mascots or neutral images. Furthermore, this pattern was not evident when people evaluated a non-Native individual. This overall pattern of results indicates that Native American mascots selectively facilitate the application of negative stereotypes, resulting in harmful evaluations of Native American people.

Trata-se de estudo reflexivo, que objetivou discutir o cuidado realizado por profissionais de enfermagem às pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS à luz da percepção fenomenológica. Foram discutidas questões acerca da humanização do cuidado em saúde e como este deve ser realizado por profissionais de enfermagem aos indivíduos soropositivos. Pôde-se observar que a prestação de serviços por meio de profissionais qualificados e capacitados, quando realizado do modo integral, considerando toda a subjetividade do usuário, como os aspectos emocionais, sociais e culturais, pode proporcionar melhoria na qualidade de vida, adesão ao tratamento e longevidade. Dessa forma, para melhor compreender a relação da prática de profissionais de saúde com o cliente, foi fundamental a utilização do método fenomenológico, pois possibilita a compreensão do cotidiano do mundo, a partir do conhecimento de suas vivências e no compartilhamento de suas experiências. Palavras-chave: Cuidados de Enfermagem; HIV; Filosofia; Humanização da Assistência. ABSTR ACT This reflective study aimed to discuss nursing care to patients with HIV/AIDS in the light of phenomenology. It deals with the humanization of care of HIV-positive individuals and how nursing professionals should act in order to achieve it. Comprehensive health services provided by qualified professionals that take into consideration users' emotional, social and cultural aspects can improve patients' quality of life, treatment adherence and increase life expectancy. The use of phenomenological concepts was essential to understand the relationship between patient and professional practice. The method allowed researchers to identify aspects of patients' everyday life by sharing their experiences.

The present work examined the negative consequences that result when stigmatized individuals endorse negative in-group stereotypes after failure. Study 1 found that women given the opportunity to blame their math failure on the stereotype "women are bad at math" showed higher stereotype endorsement, exerted less effort on a subsequent math test, and displayed less identification with the math domain. Study 2 found that observers' felt more negative emotions toward a woman who blamed her poor performance on the math stereotype. Furthermore, this effect was fully mediated by changes in perceptions of the woman's confidence. Together, these findings suggest that people who use negative stereotypes to excuse their failures incur both personal and interpersonal costs.People often use excuses to minimize the negative repercussions of failure. Although a wealth of research has examined the advantages and disadvantages of excuses, researchers have largely neglected the use of one particular excuse: negative in-group stereotypes. Negative stereotypes can serve as excuses for a range of failures. For example, such stereotypes allow White men to excuse a poor athletic performance ("White men can't jump"), women to excuse a poor math performance ("women are bad at math"), professors to excuse a missed meeting ("professors are absent minded"), and older adults to excuse a lapse in memory ("having a senior moment"). Ironically, this means that people may protect themselves against the threat of stereotypic shortcomings by endorsing the very stereotypes that would have predicted these outcomes.Despite anecdotal evidence for the tendency to blame failure on stereotypes, it has received little empirical attention. To date, only one set of studies (Burkley & Blanton, 2008) has examined this type of excuse-making, demonstrating that it has self-esteem benefits. However, it remains to be seen if this strategy also incurs

Storybook tales, movies, and beauty magazines often communicate the message that beauty is malleable. Malleable beliefs are generally found to be beneficial, but this is not the case in the beauty domain. Across two studies, we found that the "beauty is malleable" belief puts women (but not men) at risk for harmful appearance concerns, such as basing their selfworth on physical attractiveness, increased appearance anxiety, and increased interest in cosmetic surgery. These results were found when beauty beliefs were measured (Study 1) and manipulated (Study 2). Thus, the message that beauty is malleable has a potentially harmful effect on women's lives. This work also suggests that the typical finding that malleable beliefs are beneficial may reverse when the domain in question has unattainable standards.