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The Lisbon Earthquake of November 1, 1755, one of the most catastrophic events that has ever occurred in Portugal, Spain, or Morocco, caused severe damage and many casualties. The tsunami generated by this earthquake is well documented in historical accounts, it was reported throughout the North Atlantic Ocean, as it reached not only Portugal, Spain, and Morocco, but also the Madeira and Azores Archipelagos, England, Ireland, and the Caribbean. In spite of the importance of this event, the source of the tsunami remains unknown. In this paper, the authors reevaluate some of the historical tsunami travel times obtained by previous authors. Based on these times, wave ray analysis is used to determine the location of the tsunami source area. These results, combined with turbidites obtained by previous authors at the Tagus and Horseshoe Abyssal Plains, lead to the conclusion that the source of the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami could be located in the area of the Gorringe Bank. Then, a hydrodynamic simulation is carried out with this area presupposed as the source. The numerical model results provide good agreement when compared with both historical and sedimental records. However, in the past, the Gorringe Bank has been dismissed as the source of this tsunami for several reasons. Therefore, these issues are discussed and discredited. As a consequence of all these facts, it can be concluded that the origin of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami could be located in the area of the Gorringe Bank.

The historical accounts of the 1755 earthquake and tsunami in Lisbon are quite vast providing a general overview of the disaster in the city. However, the details remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research is to understand and reconstruct the impact of the 1755 event (earthquake, tsunami, and fire) in downtown Lisbon. Thus, the historical data has been compiled and analyzed, to complement tsunami modeling and a field survey. Although census data are not very accurate, before the disaster there were about 5500 buildings and about 26,200 residents in downtown Lisbon; after the disaster, no records of the buildings were found and there were about 6000–8800 residents. There were about 1000 deaths in the study area. The results also show that the earthquake did not cause significant damage to most of the study area, which contradicts general knowledge. After the earthquake, a fire started that quickly spread throughout the city causing most damage to property. The tsunami hit mostly the west and central parts of the study area. The numerical model results show the tsunami hit the studied area about 60 min after the earthquake, inundating the seafront streets and squares up to 200 m inland. In addition, two major waves were calculated, which are in agreement with the historical accounts.

João corte-real 3 abstract -the aim of this study is to analyse the impacts of the Hercules storm in Portugal. the storm occurred from January 5 th to 7 th , 2014. a brief characterization of the storm was conducted and the witnesses' accounts were compiled, complemented with field survey before and after the storm. the results show that this event had origin in a strong system of low pressure that hit Portugal. the system triggered strong sea waves with long periods, run-ups between 6 to 9 m, and inundation depths mostly under 1 m. the effects on the Portuguese coastline showed some weaknesses in the spatial planning management: (i) the fact that a wave train res tricted to the beaches, front streets, ports and marinas caused significant damage; (ii) some people ignored the emergency management authorities, putting themselves in a risk situation. Keywords:Hercules storm, media, witnesses' accounts, field survey, risk awareness.resumo -iMpacto da teMpeStade Hercules, eM portugal. neste estudo, analisam--se os impactos da tempestade Hércules, que atingiu Portugal entre os dias 5 e 7 de Janeiro de 2014. Caracteriza-se brevemente a tempestade, e apresentam-se os relatos das testemunhas e os resultados do trabalho de campo anterior e posterior à tempestade. este evento teve origem num forte sistema depressionário que provocou forte agitação marítima, ondas de longo período, run-ups de 6 a 9 m, com profundidades de inundação em geral inferiores a 1m. Os efeitos no litoral português ilustram algumas fraquezas no ordenamento e gestão do território: (i) o facto de um conjunto de ondas, mesmo restringidas às praias, marginais, portos e marinas, ter cau sado elevados prejuízos materiais; (ii) a circunstância de os avisos das autoridades da gestão da emergência terem sido ignorados por indivíduos, que assim se colocaram em situação de risco. , XLiX, 98, 2014, pp. 197-220 198 A. Santos, S. Mendes and J. Corte-Real résumé -iMpactS de la teMpête Hercule au portugal. La tempête "Hercule" a touché le Portugal du 5 au 7 janvier 2014. Pour analyser ses conséquences, on l'a sommairement caractérisée, on a recueilli divers témoignages et on a observé le terrain, avant et après la tempête. Ce système dépressionnaire accentué a provoqué une forte agitation maritime, avec des vagues de longue période et de 6 à 9 m d'amplitude. Les dégâts enregistrés révèlent certaines faiblesses de gestion de la part des autorités : i) il est anormal que des vagues n'ayant touché qu'une étroite bande littorale aient provoqué de tels dégâts matériels; ii) Les avis de danger émis par l'organisme chargé de gérer les situations périlleuses ont été ignorées par certaines personnes, qui ont ainsi couru des risques. Palavras

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