Although participant women discussed a number of ways to deal with post-immigration stressors, the women's perceived compromised mental health reflects the inadequacy of their coping strategies and the available resources. Despite access to healthcare providers, women failed to identify healthcare encounters as opportunities to seek help and discuss their mental health concerns. Health and social care programs need to actively address the compromised mental health perceived by the studied group.

Existing health communication and health promotion models need to be re-orientated from a one-way information flow to a two-way dialogue model to bridge the gap between program efficacy and effectiveness to reach underserved immigrant women. An "outside the box" approach of non-institutional informal health promotion strategies needs to be tested for the studied groups.

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Transnational migrants have been important resources in the global competition for skilled labour. Our qualitative research studies 24 transnational 1.5 generation adults who migrated with their families from Hong Kong to Toronto between 1985 and 1996, when they were aged 8 to 19. Their parents maintained their connections with Hong Kong; some returned. Ten years after the handover, having obtained overseas citizenship and education, these youths can choose to work and live in either Toronto or Hong Kong. We assess three main factors that contribute to their residency decisions: (1) Formal institutional factors: the ways that labour markets recognize their training, credentials, and experience; (2) Social relations: the family, social networks, and