Background Quarantine and isolation measures during COVID-19 pandemic may have caused additional stress and challenged the mental health of the youth. Aim of the study is to investigate the COVID-19 pandemic impact on neuropsychological disorders (NPD) of Italian children and adolescents to provide general pediatric recommendations. Material and methods A retrospective multicenter observational study was planned by the Italian Pediatric Society (SIP) to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the access of children to pediatric Emergency Departments (pED) for the evaluation of neuropsychological symptoms, collecting the classification codes of diagnoses between March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2021. The period study was split into two sub-periods: a pre COVID-19 period (from March 1 2019 to March 1, 2020) and a COVID-19 period (from March 2, 2020 to March 2, 2021). As additional information, data on NPD hospitalizations in any pediatric department of the involved centers were recorded. Results During the study period, a total of 533,318 children were admitted to the pED involved in the study. Despite a 48.2% decline of pED admissions, there was a significant increase (83.1%) in patient admissions for NPD. The most frequent NPD conditions which increased during the COVID-19 pandemic were suicidal ideation (+ 147%), depression (+ 115%), eating disorder (+ 78.4%), and psychosis (+ 17.2%). During the pandemic period, a 39.5% increase in NPD hospitalizations was observed as well. The NPD disorders that mostly required hospitalizations were suicidal ideation (+ 134%), depression (+ 41.4%), eating disorder (+ 31.4%), and drug abuse (+ 26.7%). COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on children's health, mainly on their NPD development. Neuropsychological assessment should be required at the primary level, in the pediatrician's office, to facilitate early capture of the sign of impairment and provide an adequate treatment. Conclusion SIP underlines the psychological consequences of COVID 19 pandemic on the youngest and recommends an early identification of NPD in the pediatric population to avoid other serious consequences for children's physical and mental health.

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The legal origin movement is implicitly functionalist, while it explicitly prioritizes economic dimensions of development. From this perspective, the empirical findings presented in this paper seem to uncover the existence of a paradox. On the one hand, common law countries are apparently characterized by countless advantages, yet they do not grow faster than civil law countries. On the other hand, common law countries present a more unequal distribution of income, thus suggesting that also from a static perspective there is no a priori reason to prefer a common law system. To further investigate this paradox, we analyze if common law countries are at least characterized by a better kind (earned) of inequalities. However, as the economic distinction between inequalities of opportunities and inequalities of effort is too fragile, this proved to be an impossible task. We are therefore left with the unsolved riddle of the contradicting results obtained by the legal origins literature. From a more practical perspective, the empirical findings seem to disprove the dogma that common law countries are under every condition the perfect benchmark for reforms in developing countries.

The paper describes the case of a 14-year-old girl with intense right shoulder pain and severe signs of local and systemic inflammation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pyomyositis of right shoulder girdle muscles. Blood culture was found positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the chest computed tomography scan revealed nodular infiltrates in both pulmonary fields resulting from septic embolism. A prolonged antibiotic therapy according to antibiogram allowed the complete recovery. Pyomyositis is a deep pyogenic infection of the skeletal muscle tissue and is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus species. In the described case, repetitive trauma due to karate may have caused the initial muscle cell damage with subsequent haematoma, which subsequently becomes colonised by bacteria during a transient bacteraemia. There is an increasing prevalence of pyomyositis in temperate climates and in the last few years MRSA has emerged as a pathogen within the community (CA-MRSA) also in healthy people. An early diagnosis is important to avoid local and systemic complications.

Neonatal mastitis with possible abscess complication is relatively rare. The most common causal agent is Staphylococcus aureus. The paper describes the case of a newborn of 8 days of life, with fever and bilateral mastitis. The newborn was treated with antibiotic therapy with vancomicin and gentamicin and required the right breast surgical drainage for abscess complication. Culture of the pus yielded a pure growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The mother of the newborn presented with mastitis that developed a few days earlier. Complications of neonatal mastitis are rare nonetheless cellulitis, fasciitis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, brain abscess and sepsis have been reported. It is therefore essential to treat the mastitis of the newborn promptly and take into consideration the possible resistance of Staphylococcus that is the main etiological agent. Therefore, possible abscess complications need to be treated surgically.