The substantial increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia might be driven by rapid socio-economic development through urbanization. Here, we carried out a longitudinal 1-year follow-up study to evaluate the effect of urbanization, an important determinant of health, on metabolic profiles of young Indonesian adults. University freshmen/women in Jakarta, aged 16–25 years, who either had recently migrated from rural areas or originated from urban settings were studied. Anthropometry, dietary intake, and physical activity, as well as fasting blood glucose and insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured at baseline and repeated at one year follow-up. At baseline, 106 urban and 83 rural subjects were recruited, of which 81 urban and 66 rural were followed up. At baseline, rural subjects had better adiposity profiles, whole-body insulin resistance, and adipokine levels compared to their urban counterparts. After 1-year, rural subjects experienced an almost twice higher increase in BMI than urban subjects (estimate (95%CI): 1.23 (0.94; 1.52) and 0.69 (0.43; 0.95) for rural and urban subjects, respectively, Pint < 0.01). Fat intake served as the major dietary component, which partially mediates the differences in BMI between urban and rural group at baseline. It also contributed to the changes in BMI over time for both groups, although it does not explain the enhanced gain of BMI in rural subjects. A significantly higher increase of leptin/adiponectin ratio was also seen in rural subjects after 1-year of living in an urban area. In conclusion, urbanization was associated with less favorable changes in adiposity and adipokine profiles in a population of young Indonesian adults.

IntroductionPrevious studies showed that the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) effectively prevents primary hamstring injury. However, no study investigated the secondary preventing effect of the NHE on hamstring reinjury. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the NHE for preventing hamstring reinjury after return to play (RTP) following a hamstring injury in football players. The secondary purpose is to determine the effect of the NHE on sprint and jump performance.Methods and analysisThis is an international multicentre, prospective, parallel-group randomised controlled trial study. Subjects include male or female football players aged 18–40 years and within 1 week of RTP following a hamstring injury will be randomised into Nordics or a control group. Subjects in both groups continue their regular football training, but the Nordics group will perform an additional NHE programme. An online questionnaire will be sent to the subjects in both groups once per week within the first 10 weeks, then continued at months 6, 9 and 12. In a (performance) substudy, we will evaluate the effect of the NHE on sprint and vertical jump performance at three time points (at the beginning of the study, after 10 weeks and 12 months of follow-up).The primary outcomes are the incidence of hamstring reinjury within 2 and 12 months. The secondary outcomes are sprint and jump performance, adherence to the programme, duration of reinjury and reinjury burden.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by the medical ethics committee of Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC) in the Netherlands (METC 2021_117), Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada in Indonesia (KE/FK/1248/EC/2021), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences in Norway (number 216–2 70 122) and Denmark (ethical submission in process). The study’s findings will be disseminated in scientific peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.Trial registration numberNL9711.

ABSTRAK Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya penyakit kronik di usia lanjut sangat dipengaruhi oleh  gaya hidup tidak aktif atau sedentary yang dijalani oleh individu tersebut pada usia muda. Selain itu aktivitas fisik diketahui sangat bermanfaat mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang optimal pada anak dan remaja. Olahraga dan akitivitas fisik adalah hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menjaga kesehatan dan mencegah berbagai macam penyakit.Banyak penelitian epidemiologis telah memastikan bahwa aktivitas fisik dapat menurunkan risiko berbagai morbiditas yang berkaitan dengan usia atau penuaan serta risiko mortalitas akibat sebab apapun. Berbagai jenis aktivitas fisik dapat dilakukan namun untuk mendapatkan manfaatnya, beberapa variabel seperti intensitas dan durasi aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan, harus diperhatikan.Aktivitas fisik dengan intensitas yang cukup tinggi (vigorous) dapat menurunkan risiko kematian akibat penyakit jantung koroner sebanyak 30%, atau penurunan risiko kematian akibat stroke atau osteoporosis sebesar 25%. Penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kita perlu mengetahui apakah intensitas aktivitas aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan sudah mencukupi untuk mendapat kemanfaatan yang optimal.Berbagai metode dan alat yang telah dikembangkan dalam pengukuran intensitas aktivitas fisik. Salah satu metode penilaian aktivitas fisik yang dianggap akurat dan cukup banyak digunakan adalah akselerometer. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas tentang accelerometer dan manfaatnya dalam menilai aktivitas fisik. Kata kunci: accelerometer, aktivitas fisik.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, stated that obesity prevalence increased by 52%. In Indonesia, the prevalence of obesity is 21.8%. Obesity triggers an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induces chronic inflammation both locally and systemically, which can cause health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolite syndrome, and an increased risk of infection. One of the components of obesity management is increasing physical activity. One of the domains of physical activity is exercise. Exercise with the appropriate frequency, duration, intensity, type, and periodization can influence cytokine modulation so that it can reduce systemic inflammation and increase physical fitness. This evidence-based case report (EBCR) aims to determine the type of exercise periodization in obesity management and its effect on health-related fitness. The process of searching for literature on EBCR uses the PRISMA method on 3 databases, namely: PubMed, EBSCOhost, and ProQuest. From the search results, it was found that the combination of endurance and strength training exercises with linear periodization 3 times a week, was found to be better in improving fitness in obese people. Linear periodization increases cardiopulmonary fitness with a relative mean difference of 17.8(0.3 to 35.3) %, maximal strength with 1 RM bench press and 1 RM leg press test also increased, and also reduce body fat percentage about 2.1(-4.8 to 0.5) %. Thus, the combination of strength and cardiorespiratory exercise with linear periodization gives a positive response to the components of health-related fitness in obese people.