O curso de graduação em Odontologia não pode se apartar de seu papel social formador e transformador na construção de um profissional cidadão, reflexivo e que transforme a sua realidade em função das demandas da sociedade. O ensino de graduação que permeie a educação com base na comunidade pode se consubstanciar como ferramenta essencial na construção do olhar sociocomportamental em estudantes universitários, na medida em que promovam a compreensão dos fatores que afetam o bem estar e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos no cotidiano, tendo o corpo docente como construtor de conhecimentos e fundamentos, gestor de ações planejadas, metódicas e realizadas com determinado objetivo, recriando e superando os modelos de ensino/aprendizagem. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda que os currículos de graduação em saúde comportem estratégias pedagógicas capazes de levar à formação de profissionais sensíveis aos problemas de sua comunidade, preparados para a prestação de cuidados em todos os níveis de serviços de saúde. Neste contexto, o propósito deste trabalho foi analisar o papel do professor na percepção dos alunos de Odontologia considerando o impacto do ensino de graduação baseado na comunidade.Descritores: Aprendizagem; Docentes; Estudantes; Percepção; Universidades; Relações Comunidade-Instituição.ReferênciasDornan T, Littlewood S, Margolis SA, Scherpbier A, Spencer J, Ypinazar V. How can experience in clinical and community settings contribute to early medical education? A BEME systematic review. Med Teach. 2006;28(1):3-18.Art B, De Roo L, De Maeseneer J. Towards unity for health utilising community-oriented primary care in education and practice. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2007;20(2):74.Dolmans DH, Wolfhagen HA, Scherpbier AJ. From quality assurance to total quality management: how can quality assurance result in continuous improvement in health professions education?. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2003;16(2):210-17.Community-based education of health personnel. Report of a WHO study group [published correction appears in World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1987;746:preceding 1]. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1987;746:1-89.Deogade SC, Naitam D. Reflective learning in community-based dental education. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2016;29(2):119-23.Silverman J, Draper J, Kurtz S. Skills for communicating with patients. Oxon: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2008.Interprofessional education collaborative expert panel . Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: report of an expert panel (update) 2016.Forte FDS, Pontes AA, Morais HG, Barbosa AS, Sousa Nétto OB. Olhar discente e a formação em Odontologia: interseções possíveis com a Estratégia Saúde da Família. Interface. 2019;23:e170407. Lestari E, Stalmeijer RE, Widyandana D, Scherpbier A. Understanding attitude of health care professional teachers toward interprofessional health care collaboration and education in a Southeast Asian country. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2018;11:557-71.Roop SA, Pangaro L. Effect of clinical teaching on student performance during a medicine clerkship. Am J Med. 2001;110(3):205-209.Irby DM, Papadakis M. Does good clinical teaching really make a difference. Am J Med. 2001;110:231-32.Dybowski C, Sehner S, Harendza S. Influence of motivation, self-efficacy and situational factors on the teaching quality of clinical educators. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):84. Mahler D, Großschedl J, Harms U. Does motivation matter? - The relationship between teachers' self-efficacy and enthusiasm and students' performance. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207252.Hattie J. Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement London: Routledge; 2009.Walters L, Greenhill J, Richards J, Ward H, Campbell N, Ash J, et al. Outcomes of longitudinal integrated clinical placements for students, clinicians and society. Med Educ 2012;46:1028-41.Evans CA, Bolden AJ, Hryhorczuk C, Noorullah K. Management of experiences in community-based dental education. J Dent Educ. 2010;74(10 Suppl):S25-32.Knight GW. Community-based dental education at the University of Illinois at Chicago. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(10 Suppl):S14-S20.Abuzar MA, Owen J. A Community Engaged Dental Curriculum: A Rural Indigenous Outplacement Programme. J Public Health Res. 2016;5(1):668.Warmiling CM, Rossoni E, Hugo FN, Toassi RFC, Lemos VA, Slavutzki SMB, et al. Estágios curriculares no SUS: experiências da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFGRS. Rev ABENO. 2011; 11(2):63-70. Donate-Bartfield E, Lobb WK, Roucka TM. Teaching culturally sensitive care to dental students: a multidisciplinary approach. J Dent Educ. 2014;78(3):454-64.Araújo ME, Zilbovicius C. O ensino da epidemiologia na educação odontológica. In: Ferreira Antunes JLF, Peres MAP. (Org.). Epidemiologia da saúde bucal. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 363-72.Aguiar Neta A, Alves MSCF. A comunidade como local de protagonismo na integração ensino-serviço e atuação multiprofissional. Trab educ saúde. 2016;14(1):221-35.Amundsen C, Wilson M. Are we asking the right questions? A conceptual review of the educational development literature in higher education. Rev Educa Res. 2012;82(1):90–126.Ceccim RB, Ferla AA. Educação e saúde: ensino e cidadania como travessia de fronteiras. Trab educ saúde. 2008;6(3):443-56.Mohan M, Ravindran TKS. Conceptual Framework Explaining "Preparedness for Practice" of Dental Graduates: A Systematic Review. J Dent Educ. 2018;82(11):1194-202.Holden ACL. "Preparedness for Practice" for Dental Graduates Is a Multifaceted Concept That Extends Beyond Academic and Clinical Skills. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2020;20(1):101421.Elmberger A, Björck E, Liljedahl M, Nieminen J, Bolander Laksov K. Contradictions in clinical teachers' engagement in educational development: an activity theory analysis. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2019;24(1):125-40.Steinert Y, O'Sullivan PS, Irby DM. Strengthening Teachers' Professional Identities Through Faculty Development. Acad Med. 2019;94(7):963-68.Lazzarin HC, Nakama L, Cordoni Júnior L. Percepção de professores de odontologia no processo de ensino-aprendizagem [Perceptions of dentistry teachers in the teaching and learning process]. Cien Saude Colet. 2010;15 Suppl 1:1801-10.Seijo MO, Ferreira EF, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP, Paiva SM, Martins RC. Learning experience in endodontics: Brazilian students' perceptions. J Dent Educ. 2013;77(5):648-55.Victoroff KZ, Hogan S. Students' perceptions of effective learning experiences in dental school: a qualitative study using a critical incident technique. J Dent Educ. 2006;70(2):124-32.Divaris K, Barlow PJ, Chendea SA, Cheong WS, Dounis A, Dragan IF et al. O ambiente acadêmico: a perspectiva dos alunos. Eur J Dent Educ . 2008; 12 Suppl 1:120-30. Pöhlmann K, Jonas I, Ruf S, Harzer W. Stress, burnout and health in the clinical period of dental education. Eur J Dent Educ. 2005;9(2):78-84.Toassi RFC, Davoglio RS, Lemos VMA. Integração ensino-serviço-comunidade: o estágio na atenção básica da graduação em Odontologia. Educ rev. 2012; 28(4):223-42.Ayers CS, Abrams RA, McCunniff MD, Goldstein BR. A comparison of private and public dental students' perceptions of extramural programming. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(4):412-17.DeCastro JE, Matheson PB, Panagakos FS, Stewart DC, Feldman CA. Alumni perspectives on community-based and traditional curricula. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(4):418-26.DeCastro JE, Bolger D, Feldman CA. Clinical competence of graduates of community-based and traditional curricula. J Dent Educ. 2005;69(12):1324-31.Bean CY, Rowland ML, Soller H, et al. Comparing fourth-year dental student productivity and experiences in a dental school with community-based clinical education. J Dent Educ. 2007;71(8):1020-26.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. North American dental students' perspectives about their clinical education. J Dent Educ. 2006;70(4):361-77.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. In the students' own words: what are the strengths and weaknesses of the dental school curriculum?. J Dent Educ. 2007;71(5):632-45.Batra M, Ivanišević Malčić A, Shah AF, Sagtani RA, Mikić IM, Knežević PT et al. Self assessment of dental students' perception of learning environment in Croatia, India and Nepal. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2018;52(4):275-85.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W, Cintron L, Isaacs M. Appraisal of the dental school learning environment: the students' view. J Dent Educ. 2005;69(10):1137-47.Riquelme A, Oporto M, Oporto J, Méndez JI, Viviani P, Salech F et al. Measuring students' perceptions of the educational climate of the new curriculum at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: performance of the Spanish translation of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). Educ Health (Abingdon). 2009;22(1):112.Mayya S, Roff S. Students' perceptions of educational environment: a comparison of academic achievers and under-achievers at kasturba medical college, India. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2004;17(3):280-91.Batista CG, Nascimento CL, Rolim GS, Rocha RASS, Rodrigues AF, Ambrosano GMB et al. Student self-confidence in coping with uncooperative behaviours in paediatric dentistry. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(4):199-204.Freire Mdo C, Jordao LM, de Paula Ferreira N, de Fatima Nunes M, Queiroz MG, Leles CR. Motivation towards career choice of Brazilian freshman students in a fifteen-year period. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(1):115-21.Arheiam A, Bankia I, Ingafou M. Perceived competency towards preventive dentistry among dental graduates: the need for curriculum change. Libyan J Med. 2015;10:26666. Pınar Erdem A, Peker K, Kuru S, Sepet E. Evaluation of Final-Year Turkish Dental Students' Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Perceived Competency towards Preventive Dentistry. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:2346061. Schönwetter DJ, Law D, Mazurat R, Sileikyte R, Nazarko O. Assessing graduating dental students' competencies: the impact of classroom, clinic and externships learning experiences. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(3):142-52. Shetty VB, Shirahatti RV, Pawar P. Students' perceptions of their education on graduation from a dental school in India. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(11):1520-26.Lanning SK, Wetzel AP, Baines MB, Ellen Byrne B. Evaluation of a revised curriculum: a four-year qualitative study of student perceptions. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(10):1323-33.Leadbeatter D, Peck C. Are dental students ready for supercomplex dental practice?. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018;22(1):e116-21.
Introdução: O termo ageismo é definido como uma forma de intolerância relacionada com a idade por meio de estereótipos, ou seja, qualquer pessoa poderia ser alvo de discriminação pela idade que tem, sendo os idosos um dos grupos mais vulneráveis. Teoricamente qualquer pessoa pode ser atingida pelo ageísmo ao longo de sua vida, desde que viva o suficiente para envelhecer. Objetivos: O propósito desse trabalho foi apresentar o papel das Universidades no combate ao ageísmo. Métodos: Para a elaboração do presente trabalho as seguintes etapas foram percorridas: estabelecimento da hipótese e objetivos do estudo; estabelecimento de critérios de inclusão e exclusão de artigos (seleção da amostra). Formulou-se a seguinte questão: as Universidades contribuem para a redução do ageísmo? Os artigos foram selecionados utilizando a base de dados The National Library of Medicine, Washington DC (MEDLINE – PubMed) e Google Scholar. As estratégias utilizadas para localizar os artigos tiveram como eixo norteador a pergunta e os critérios de inclusão da revisão, previamente estabelecidos para manter a coerência na busca dos artigos e evitar possíveis vieses. Como descritores foram utilizados os termos “Ageísmo”, “Universidades”; Expectativa de Vida” e “Relação entre Gerações”, acordando com o Decs. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português com os resumos disponíveis, no período compreendido entre 1990-2020. A partir da pesquisa preliminar nas bases de dados, leitura do título e resumo, 20 artigos foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra. Resultados: A Universidade, por meio de seus projetos de extensão universitária voltados aos idosos tem contribuído para redução das atitudes que nutrem papéis sociais estereotipados com base na idade das pessoas. Conclusões: As atividades universitárias voltados ao idoso têm contribuído para redução dos estereótipos mantidos pela sociedade e pelos próprios indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, contribuindo não só para o bem estar e qualidade de vida desse segmento, como também para que a sociedade se beneficie do contato positivo intergeracional.Descritores: Ageísmo; Resiliência Psicológica; Universidades; Expectativa de Vida; Relação entre Gerações; Qualidade de Vida.ReferênciasOeppen J, Vaupel JW. Limites quebrados à expectativa de vida. Science. 2002; 296:1029-31.IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Tábuas Completas de Mortalidade. Disponivel em: https://www.ibge.gov.br /estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9126-tabuas-completas-de-mortalidade.html?=t=resultados.Aboim S. Narrativas do envelhecimento. Ser velho na sociedade contemporânea. Tempo Social. 2014;26(1):207-32.Vaupel JW, Carey JR, Christensen K, Johnson TE, Yashin AI, Holm NV et al. Biodemographic trajectories of longevity. Science. 1998; 280(5365):855-60.Donizzetti AR. Ageism in an Aging Society: The Role of Knowledge, Anxiety about Aging, and Stereotypes in Young People and Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(8):1329.Butler RN. Why Survive? Being Old in America. New York: Harper Rowe; 1975.Iversen TN, Larsen L, Solem PE. A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nord Psychol. 2009;61(3):4-22.Levy BR, Kasl SV, Gill TM. Image of aging scale. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;99(1):208-10.Nelson T. Ageism. In: Nelson T (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2009. pp-431-40Abrams D, Eller A, Bryant J. An age apart: The effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychol Aging. 2006;21(4):691-702.Levy BR, Slade MD, Kunkel SR, Kasl SV. Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(2):261-70.Swift HJ, Abrams D, Lamont RA, Drury L. The risks of ageism model: how ageism and negative attitudes toward age can be a barrier to active aging. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2017;11(1):195-231.Wurm S, Diehl M, Kornadt AE, Westerhof GJ, Wahl HW. How do views on aging affect health outcomes in adulthood and late life? Explanations for an established connection. Dev Rev. 2017;46:27-43.Meisner BA. A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;67(1):13-7.Gil Barreiro M, Trujillo Grás O. Estereotipos hacia los ancianos. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr. 1997;13(1): 34-8. Piato RS, Capalbo LC, Alves Rezende MIR, Lehfeld LS, Alves Rezende MCR. O papel da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade na educação ambiental. Arch Health Invest.2014;3(5):66-71.Schroyen S, Adam S, Marquet M, et al. Communication of healthcare professionals: Is there ageism? Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2018;27(1):10.1111.Chrisler JC, Barney A, Palatino B. Ageism can be hazardous to women’s health: ageism, sexism, and stereotypes of older women in the healthcare system. J Soc Issues. 2016;72(1):86-104.Arnold L, Shue CK, Jones D. Implementation of geriatric education into the first and second years of a baccalaureate-MD degree program. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):933-34.Thornhill J 4th, Richeson N, Roberts E. Senior mentor program: a geriatrics focused curriculum. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):934-35.Bates T, Cohan M, Bragg DS, Bedinghaus J. The Medical College of Wisconsin Senior Mentor Program: experience of a lifetime. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2006;27(2):93-103.Levy SR. Toward Reducing Ageism: PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) Model. Gerontologist. 2018;58(2): 226-32.Abrams D, Eller A, Bryant J. An age apart: the effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychol Aging. 2006;21(4):691-702.Swift HJ, Abrams D, Marques S. Threat or boost? Social comparison affects older people's performance differently depending on task domain. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68(1):23-30.Pruchno R, Heid AR, Genderson MW. Resilience and successful aging: aligning complementary constructs using a life course approach. Psychol Inquiry. 2015;26(2):200–7.Windle G. The contribution of resilience to healthy ageing. Perspect Public Health. 2012;132(4):159-60.Liébana-Presa C, Andina-Díaz E, Reguera-García MM, Fulgueiras-Carril I, Bermejo-Martínez D, Fernández-Martínez E. Social Network Analysis and Resilience in University Students: An Approach from Cohesiveness. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2119.Fernández-Martínez E, Andina-Díaz E, Fernández-Peña R, García-López R, Fulgueiras-Carril I, Liébana-Presa C. Social Networks, Engagement and Resilience in University Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1488.Montepare JM, Farah KS. Talk of Ages: Using intergenerational classroom modules to engage older and younger students across the curriculum. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2018;39(3):385-94.Montepare JM, Farah KS, Doyle A, Dixon J. Becoming an Age-Friendly University (AFU): Integrating a retirement community on campus. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):179-93.Andreoletti C, June A. Coalition building to create an Age-Friendly University (AFU). Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):142-52.Chesser S, Porter M. Charting a future for Canada's first Age-Friendly University (AFU). Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):153-65.Clark PG, Leedahl SN. Becoming and being an Age-Friendly University (AFU): Strategic considerations and practical implications. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):166-78.Leedahl SN, Brasher MS, Estus E, Breck BM, Dennis CB, Clark SC. Implementing an interdisciplinary intergenerational program using the Cyber Seniors® reverse mentoring model within higher education. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2018;1-19.Andreoletti C, Howard JL. Bridging the generation gap: Intergenerational service-learning benefits young and old. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2018;39(1):46-60.
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