Red wood ants (RWA) are of great ecological importance for the forest ecosystem. Forestry practices, like clear-cutting, and trampling load, due to tourism, logging, and grazing stock, can greatly affect their colonies, disturbing their microhabitat. RWA in Greek forests have not been investigated so far. We herein report on the distribution and morphological traits of Formica lugubris mounds studied in Elatia forest (Rhodope mountains, Northern Greece), an all-aged managed mixed forest where selective logging practices are performed. Nearby vegetation, slope, canopy cover, shrub density, and distance from the nearest neighboring trees were also recorded. Mound density was shown to be much higher in this Greek forest compared to RWA mounds in other European-managed forests. Furthermore, we recorded a continuous nest establishment, despite forest management disturbances and trampling load. Our study suggests that single-tree selective forestry practices are essential for creating ideal microhabitats for the RWA and, therefore, for maintaining RWA populations.
Saproxylic beetles are common in all types of forests, but they are more abundant in natural forests. They are mostly recognized as beneficial insects, as they are involved in decomposition and the recycling of nutrients. On the other hand, traditional forestry practices consider them as pests, as they reduce the value of timber. In Europe, 17.9% of saproxylic beetle taxa are considered threatened. The main threats are the reduction, fragmentation, and loss of connectivity of their habitats, mostly as a consequence of forest management. None of the taxa considered as pests are listed as threatened, but many of them are thought to be in decline or their population trend is unknown. Based on European legislation currently in use and the IUCN Red List, along with other regional and national red lists, we propose a simplified decision-making flowchart that should be followed regarding the adoption of different control measures against severe infestations and pest outbreaks. However, the best way to prevent population decline and keep their populations stable is the sustainable management of their habitats.
Ο ρόλος των κόκκινων δασικών μυρμηγκιών στο δασικό οικοσύστημα είναι πολύ σημαντικός, επηρεάζοντας τον αριθμό και την αφθονία των ειδών της πανίδας, τη διασπορά και την αύξηση της χλωρίδας, και το αβιοτικό περιβάλλον. Η σπουδαιότητά τους για το δασικό οικοσύστημα ήταν ήδη γνωστή από το 19ο αιώνα, και έχει μελετηθεί στα δάση της Β. Ευρώπης. Στα δάση της Μεσογείου, όπου υπάρχει μεγαλύτερη βιοποικιλότητα και οι δασοκομικές πρακτικές διαφέρουν, ενώ υπάρχουν κάποιες αναφορές για την ύπαρξή τους, ελάχιστα έχουν όμως μελετηθεί. Η παρούσα έρευνα είχε σκοπό τη μελέτη της μορφολογίας των πληθυσμών των κόκκινων δασικών μυρμηγκιών στην Ελατιά Ν. Δράμας και στον Λαϊλιά Ν. Σερρών και των αλλομετρικών κανόνων που ισχύουν σε αυτούς, καθώς και ως προς την επίδραση των φωλιών τους στο δασικό έδαφος που βρίσκεται πέριξ των φωλιών. Για να επιτευχθούν οι στόχοι συλλέχθηκαν εργάτριες από 30 φωλιές από τους δύο πληθυσμούς, καθώς και δείγματα εδάφους από 5 φωλιές και το περιβάλλον έδαφος. Και στους δύο πληθυσμούς βρέθηκε μεγάλο εύρος μεγεθών και τα διάφορα όργανα βρέθηκε να έχουν αρνητικές αλλομετρικές σχέσεις με το συνολικό μέγεθος. Οι αλλομετρικές σχέσεις διαφέρουν όμως μεταξύ των πληθυσμών. Το pH βρέθηκε να αυξάνεται σταδιακά όσο πλησιάζουμε στη φωλιά, η οποία τείνει να το ουδετροποιήσει. Οι συγκεντρώσεις C καιN στο υπέργειο μέρος της φωλιάς βρέθηκαν πολύ υψηλότερες από το έδαφος στο κέντρο της φωλιάς, αλλά και από το έδαφος πέριξ αυτής μειώνονται πιο απότομα όσο απομακρυνόμαστε από αυτήν. Οι υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις είναι μόνο τοπικές στις φωλιές και δε μεταβάλλουν τις χημικές ιδιότητες του δασικού εδάφους συνολικά, αλλά συμβάλλουν στη χωρική ετερογένεια του δασικού εδάφους και στους γεωχημικούς κύκλους.
Red wood ant workers, despite being monomorphic, show a wide range in their body size even within the same colony. As overall size grows, some organs grow in a negative allometric relationship with the body. Genetic and environmental factors, like diet and temperature, are considered as key factors that determine differences in body and organ growth. We studied the allometric rules governing the organs in two different populations of red wood ants in two different environments in Northern Greece to identify similarities and differences. These rules, although linear for both populations and negative allometric for most of the traits measured, differ in the two study areas, while the shape of the head found to be governed by different allometric rules between the two populations. The whole shape and size of red wood ants varies greatly even within the same species and we cannot create allometric models for two different areas, even when they belong in the same species. The differences might be a result of differences in the genome and the environmental conditions between the two populations.
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