Abstract. Setiaji A, Annisa RRR, Santoso AD, Kinasih A, Riyadi ADR. 2021. Review: Factors affecting mass propagation of Vanda orchid in vitro. Cell Biol Dev 5: 51-62. For the past decade, Vanda has been the primadonna of ornamental orchids in the south and southeast Asia, along with Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium. Along with the increase in demand for Vanda, this genus has faced several threats, from illegal collection to habitat loss. Therefore, mass propagation through in vitro culture is a promising strategy to ensure sustainable business in horticulture and conservation. This review provides an overview and synthesizes various Vanda in vitro culture literature. We showed the researchers' preferences on several aspects for growing Vanda, including species, basal medium, plant growth regulators, explant, and culture conditions. The most commonly used as explants are seeds or protocorms, growing on Murashige & Skoog or Vacin & Went medium. This medium can be added banana homogenate to increase its nutritional value. Vanda seedlings can be incubated at 25 ± 1-3oC, with a lighting intensity of 50 ?mol m-2 s-1 at 12/16 h PP. Choosing a medium that is cheaper but still rich in nutrients and its additives, especially during the subculture phase; selecting explants that are responsive and minimizing the possibility of contamination; as well as seeing the target market in particular, can make Vanda's propagation efforts more effective, efficient, and profitable.

Abstract Orchidology is part of the branch of botany, it deals with a large family of monocotyledonous plants, Orchidaceae. Orchids have been used as traditional herbal medicines in Indonesia which are believed to be antimicrobial and anti-cancer. Orchids are able to produce secondary metabolites as their protective agent due to the extreme environment. Orchids have great diversity and potential to be the object of research, not only in experimental studies but also in a computational studies like in silico. Nowadays, molecular or metabolite data are available on the official-standard website as an international database. This study was conducted by analyzing web-based data to provide information about the potential of orchids that have been trusted as herbal medicines. In this study, secondary metabolite from Vanilla spp., Dendrobium spp., and Vanda spp., were selected in the existing literature as antimicrobial and anti-cancer drugs. Secondary metabolites obtained from the KNApSAck-3D core system and Phytochemical and Prediction of Substance Activity Spectrum (PASS) were performed to determine the potential anti-cancer and antimicrobial activity. Based on in silico analysis through PASS online, the secondary metabolites of orchids that have potential as antimicrobials in this study were Dendroside E and Dendromonilised D from Dendrobium also Parviflorin, Licoisoflavone and Luteine ​​extracted from Vanda spp. The secondary metabolite of Vanilla planifolia which has potential as anti-cancer for further research is 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid as a Chlordecone reductase inhibitor extracted from shoots.   Keywords: orchid, antimicrobial, anticancer, secondary metabolite, PASS online

Breast cancer is a non-communicable disease that is the main killer for most women in the world. One of ten women with breast cancer will not survive more than five years after diagnosis. Breast cancer cases in Indonesia have been increased annually. As a nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme, NUDT5 (NUDIX hydrolase) catalyzes ADP to ATP nuclear that is used for cell proliferation. NUDT5 is a regulator of tumor driver in breast cancer proliferation. ATP nuclear synthesis can be blocked by inhibiting the NUDT5. The study of potential therapeutic inhibitors for NUDT5 was increased because the current treatment for breast cancer has side effects. Vanilla planifolia is a commercial plant from Orchidaceae which contains secondary metabolites and medicinal potential. This research aims to examine the metabolite of V. planifolia as the inhibitor of NUDT5 activity using molecular docking studies. V. planifolia metabolite and NUDT5 (5nwh) 3D structure were downloaded from the database (RSCB, Pubchem, and Dr. Duke), then the prediction of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and potential bioactivity of the metabolite was analyzed by online structure-based prediction (SwissADME and Way2drug). After that, molecular docking was performed by AutoDock Vina. Three metabolites with the highest binding affinity scores were analyzed by visualization software (Discovery Studio). The result shows that Naphthalene, Caproic acid, Trimethylacetophenone, and Methyleicosane have the highest binding affinity. This result indicated that Naphthalene, Caproic acid, Trimethylacetophenone have the potential effect to inhibit NUDT5 enzyme thus decrease the potential of breast cancer.

Infection and deaths cases by SARS-CoV-2 still increase and have not decreased significantly. Main protease (Mpro) is playing an important role in the replication of SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and causes of rapid transmission. Natural compounds are potential to be antiviral candidates with high bioavailability and low cytotoxicity. Orchids of Dendrobium genus have high diversity in Indonesia. Dendrobium has been used as traditional Chinese medicine and contains a group of secondary metabolites with antiviral activity. This study aimed to determine the potential of secondary metabolites of Dendrobium orchids as antiviral candidates against Mpro SARS-CoV-2 with in silico molecular docking. Secondary metabolites obtained from the KNApSAck and PubChem act as ligands. N3 inhibitors as native ligands were obtained from the RCSB. Mpro SARS-CoV-2 (6LU7) as a target macromolecule. Molecular docking was carried out using the online Covid-19 Docking Server using AutoDock Vina device. The most negative binding affinity value for each ligand compared to the native ligand binding affinity. Visualization with Discovery Studio software has been used to observe the protein amino acid residues contact for each ligand. The binding affinity of the native ligand inhibitor N3 is -7.5 kcal/mol. Based on the results of Mpro docking, three phytochemicals from Dendrobium spp., i.e., dendrocandin B, denthyrsinone, and denthyrsinol compounds have binding affinities of -7.7 kcal/mol, -7.9 kcal/mol, and -8.1 kcal/mol, respectively. It can be concluded that in Dendrobium orchid, denthyrsinol has the highest chance of binding so it has the potential to inhibit the Mpro SARS-CoV-2 activity.