Abstract. Sibero MT, Siswanto AP, Frederick EH, Wijaya AP, Syafitri E, Farabi K, Murwani R, Saito S, Igaras Y. 2020. Antibacterial, cytotoxicity and metabolite profiling of crude methanolic extract from andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) fruit. Biodiversitas 21: 4147-4154. The local community in North Sumatra has utilized andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) as spices for traditional cuisines because it has a unique flavor. Information on the antimicrobial activity of Z. acanthopodium fruit against aquaculture pathogens and its bioactivity against leukemia cell lines are limited. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Z. acanthopodium fruit against Tenacibaculum maritimum, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. harveyi that are known as pathogens in aquaculture; to determine cytotoxic property against murine P388 leukemia cells; and to characterize its metabolites profile. The sample was extracted using methanol by the maceration method. Antibacterial assay was conducted by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method; while cytotoxicity assay using the XTT method. Proximate analysis showed that Z. acanthopodium fruit contained 63.41% of moisture, 24.73% of crude fiber, 9.81% of crude protein, 6.90% of ash, and 2.55% of crude fat. Several phytochemical components were detected, such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, and steroid. The GC/MS analysis indicated the presence of various compounds from terpenoid and terpenes derivatives. This study indicated that Z. acanthopodium fruit was not potential as antibacterial agents against the aquaculture pathogens; however, the methanol extract showed cytotoxic potential with IC50 19.14 µg/mL against murine P388 leukemia cells.

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Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is an endemic plant commonly utilized by people in North Sumatera as an additional food ingredient regarding its intense flavor. The previous study has proven that the andaliman fruit showed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The purposes of this research were to evaluate the antibacterial activity of andaliman fruit ethanol extract against fish pathogenic bacteria and understand its metabolite profile. The extraction was carried out using the maceration method with agitation (115 r.p.m) for 24 hours in ethanol. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical test were carried out to characterized the secondary metabolite. The antibacterial activity evaluation was conducted using the paper disc diffusion method against Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi. Ethanol extract of andaliman fruit gave 16 spots on the TLC plate, while the phytochemical results showed the presence of tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid steroid, and quinone. Besides, the evaluation of antibacterial activity gave negative results against fish pathogenic bacteria.

Abstract. Sibero MT, Siswanto AP, Pribadi R, Sabdono A, Radjasa OK, Trianto A, Frederick EH, Wijaya AP, Haryanti D, Triningsih DW, Hayuningrat SJ, Igarashi Y. 2020. The effect of drying treatment to metabolite profile and cytotoxic potential of Rhizophora apiculata leaves. Biodiversitas 21: 2180-2187. Coastal communities in Indonesia have utilized Rhizophora spp. leaves as a traditional medicine for many years. The previous studies have succeeded in extracting bioactive compounds from this mangrove after drying treatment, but there is a possibility of the compound decomposition or breakdown. This study aimed to determine the effect of drying treatment on the metabolite profile of R. apiculata leaves which were taken from mangrove forests in Rembang, Central Java. The effect of pre-drying treatment was examined by comparing the metabolites profiles of fresh, oven-dried, and sun-dried leaves crude extracts. Extraction was carried out using maceration method with agitation (110 r.p.m.) for 24 hours in methanol. The metabolite profile was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector (DAD) and thin layer chromatography (TLC), while secondary metabolites were studied by phytochemical test. The phytochemical results showed that there were no differences in metabolites in dried and fresh R. apiculata leaves. Crude extract of fresh and oven-dried gave 10 spots on the TLC, while sun-dried crude extract had 9 spots. The one missing spot (Rf value of 0.79) in the sun-dried crude extract might have unstable compounds that are easily degraded or damaged by the sunlight. Moreover, HPLC chromatogram indicated the pre-drying treatment gave alteration to the R. apiculata metabolites that only detected at 400 nm. Cytotoxic assay against P388 murine leukemia cell indicated that oven-dried treatment gave the best anticancer activity with IC50 value of 0.0323 mg/mL.

Indonesian in coastal region utilize mangrove ecosystem for aquaculture, fishing ground, firewood source, tourism, nevertheless it is rarely reported as a source of biomedical substances. Rhizophora mucronata is one of the most common mangrove species in Rembang, Central Java. However, study of biomedical prospect of its fruit is neglected. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of R. mucronata fruit extract to inhibit human pathogens (E. coli, S. aureus, M. luteus, T. rubrum, and C. albicans), as well as its anticancer activity against P388 murine leukemia cells. Metabolite profile was characterized through phytochemical test and HPLC. The result showed there was no antimicrobial activity of R. mucronata fruit extract against all human pathogens. Cytotoxic assay indicated a moderate anticancer potential with IC50 value of 398 μg/mL. Phytochemical test indicated the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, and steroid/triterpenoid in the crude extract.