* Objectives: Isolation and Identification of S.aureus and study their susceptibility to the production of virulence factors. * Methods: A total of 50 clinical specimens of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected in AL- Najaf AL-Asharaf governorate during the period of (10/10/2013-20/1/2014) by the cultural characteristic colonies, microscopic for cells, biochemical tests, antibiotics susceptibility test to Staphylococcus aureus using an antibiotic diffusion disc assay, in addition to studying the virulence factors produced from S.aureus . * Results: The results show that the Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin formed 70% and 30% of isolates were sensitive to the same antibiotics. Tested 10  isolates to methicillin-resistant for their efficiency in forming the highest inhibitory areas for testing their sensitivity to other antibiotics used, the results show S.aureus resistant to penicillin about 100%, while there is no resistance to CO-Trimethoprim because it was sensitive completely 100%.       The susceptibility investigated of Staphylococcus aureus resistance methicillin isolates to the production of biofilm and slime layer with using both tube method and growth on Congo red agar respectively. Ten isolates of S.aureus  were tested based on resistance to methicillin and their high susceptibility to the production of the biofilm and the slime layer. * Conclusion: So we conclude, they have Staphylococcus aureus is highly resistant to β- Lactam antibiotics and the CO-trimethoprim is the most effective in the inhibiting growth of this bacteria. In addition to its ability to produce virulence factors. The increase cause bacterial resistance to our local isolates may be due to the frequent use of antibiotics, which allowed for increased bacterial resistance to various antibiotics.

in low and middle-income countries, Typhoid fever is a major public health problem globally. The intensity of Salmonella's pathogenesis is determined by the presence of numerous virulence factors expressed on Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). Study objectives included determining the occurrence of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever by age, gender and determine the antibiogram profile against many routinely administered antibiotics. 166 samples of blood and feces were obtained from clinically suspicious patients at the Al-Najaf Public Health Department. This study took place between October 2020 and April 2021. Cultural and biochemical testing was used to identify the specimens, followed by identification using the Vitek2 system. The current work used a simple PCR technique, It was shown that genes are often associated with Salmonella typhi pathogenicity. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed on each isolate with the use 10 different antibiotics. A simple PCR experiment was performed to determine the presence of genes often associated with virulence in Salmonella typhi; 95(57%). This study identified two genes associated with pathogenicity (ctdB and tviA). 95 (57%) of the 166 total isolates tested positive for ctdB, but additional virulence genes were discovered in all 71 (42.7%) tviA (typhi Vi) gene isolated strains. This gene may contribute to the S. typhi strain's invasiveness. In conclusion, We demonstrated that typhoid infection is a significant public health risk, affects people of all ages, although it is more common in children aged 1-10 years. The rise of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. has created a significant issue for clinicians in terms of disease treatment. However, the current investigation discovered that the antibiotics Imipeneme and Cefotaxime are still effective against Salmonella spp. As a result, suitable criteria for prescribing these antibiotics should be followed to avoid multi-drug resistance concerns.

Objectives: Acute tonsillitis is an inflammatory process of tonsil tissue and is usually infectious. Acute tonsillitis starts suddenly and usually disappears within one to two weeks. This study aims to isolate bacteria from patients with infectious tonsillitis and determine the antibacterial activity of Mentha piperita L, Citrus aurantium, banana peel extract and antibiotics including penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, meropenem, tobramycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, and clarithromycin against bacteria. Methods: Were Collected 60 clinical samples of sputum and throat swabs from patients with tonsillitis admitted to AL-Furat Alawsait Hospital in Najaf. The samples were cultured in blood, MacConkey agar, and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and then the Vitek2 system was used for diagnosis to detect G + ve and G-ve bacteria. Results: It was found that out of 60 sputum samples and throat swabs, 15 cases were gram positive bacteria, while 45 gram negative bacteria. As revealed by the in vitro agar well diffusion method, it was found that the aqueous extracts of these plants, especially Mentha piperita, have strong antibacterial activity against a variety of pathogens. The results show that Mentha is very effective at all concentrations used in this study (125, 250, 500, 1000) mg / ml in all bacteria isolated from tonsillitis. The zone of greatest inhibition of Mentha, Citrus anrantium and banana peel extract was 30, 28, 25 mm at concentrations of 1000 mg / ml respectively. Used eight selected antibiotics, including (penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, meropenem, tobramycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, and clarithromycin).  To shows the susceptibility of  all bacteria isolates used in this study, the best antibiotics to sensitive for all bacteria (Meropenem and Levofloxacin ), while the resistance to oxacillin. Conclusion: The selected commonly used aqueous extracts have been tested for their antibacterial activity against multi drug-resistant bacteria, and it is believed that their extracts can be used for multi drug-resistant bacteria that can cause nosocomial and community-acquired infections.

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