no attention. 7n informal discourse anal4sis shows that desi%n and povert4 have not been lin able development/ which aims to alleviate povert4. ?n the face of it/ there would appear to be little that lin tions. Bt anal4Ces the contribution that these initiatives ma lem of definin% them has been discussed e.tensivel4 elsewhere. E/ F Bn the conte.t of this paper/ povert4 is defined as livin% on less than GA dollar a da4/ a state affectin% about A.E billion of the worldHs si. billion people. Iustainable development is that development that considers social/ environmental/ and economic factors to%ether in a s4stemic wa4 over a period of time. J /esign in 9oo$ ,onte.ts: ;ome ?.amples What is desi%nHs contribution L to povert4 reductionM B want to sepa> rate the discussion of desi%n in poor economies into two partsN the production of %oods that provide income and %enerate wealth for poor producers/ and the consumption of %oods in poor mar %eneratin% or povert4>reduction schemes. The products/ of all

SUMMARY1. The biology of induced defences in very early life history stages is poorly understood in freshwater invertebrates, but may be equally, if not more, important than later stages in influencing population dynamics and survival. Here, we investigated how exposure of embryos of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis to predator kairomones altered traits associated with protection (crawl out behaviour and shell size) in hatchling snails. We also investigated whether levels of plasticity were influenced by habitat of origin by comparing reaction norms from sites with different levels of predation risk: three high risk (predatory fish present) and three low risk (predatory fish absent). 2. F2 embryos from snails from each population were exposed to kairomones from a predatory fish (Tinca tinca) or control conditions for their entire development up to the point of hatching. Their avoidance behaviour and size (spire height) were then measured 1 day and 7 days after hatching. 3. One day post-hatching, levels of predator avoidance, primarily time spent at the water line, were significantly greater in high-risk versus low-risk populations; however, avoidance was also increased in hatchling snails exposed to predator cues as embryos, compared with those developing in control conditions. Snails exposed to predator cues during development were smaller, and there was a strong negative relationship between size and avoidance behaviour, suggesting a trade-off or trait compensation between growth and behaviour. 4. At 7 days post-hatching, a similar pattern in avoidance behaviour was found, with increased avoidance in snails from high-risk habitats and in those exposed to predator kairomones during their development. The primary avoidance response switched to crawling above the waterline at 7 days post-hatching. There was no significant difference in shell size between treatments, suggesting that predator-exposed snails had exhibited 'catch-up' growth. This enhanced investment in growth between 1 day and 7 days post-hatching was positively correlated with elevated avoidance behaviour across treatment groups, demonstrating that snails switched to trait co-specialisation of defence traits. 5. During the first few days post-hatching, snails alter the type of avoidance behaviour and also the relationship between morphological and behavioural defence traits. The degree of expression of these defensive traits in hatchling snails is influenced by both their developmental environment and local adaptation to their predation habitat that may have large implications for survival.

A 57-year-old man with iron deficiency anaemia developed general malaise, exertional dyspnoea and features of cardiac failure out of proportion to his anaemia (haemoglobin 120 g/L). Investigations showed a severely dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 15%, due to dilated cardiomyopathy. He was treated with high-dose diuretics, ACE inhibitors and β-blocker therapy. Subsequent investigation into his iron deficiency anaemia revealed a new diagnosis of coeliac disease. After starting a gluten-free diet, his cardiac function improved markedly, with ejection fraction reaching 70%, allowing his cardiac medications to be withdrawn. This case suggests a link between coeliac disease and cardiomyopathy.

No abstract

This position paper describes the Collection of the Knitting & Crochet Guild (KCG), a UK-based membership organization, and the ways in which engagement and interaction are undertaken within it. The Collection is conceptualized as a repository of the handmade, and therefore of interest and relevance to craft practitioners. First, an outline of the Collection’s history is given including the ways in which items have entered the Collection and shaped its composition. Second, the article describes the ways in which diverse audiences, including KCG members and students, engage with the Collection, both physically and digitally, drawing upon the quality of these interactions taken from visitor feedback and selected student experiences. Third, the status of the Collection as an embodiment of the skill, time and labour of the makers is discussed and the future potential for further interactions from contemporary students and makers.