Very often endocrine disrupting chemicals are heterogeneous combination of chemical compounds which mainly target the body's endocrine system. These can exhibit their effects via different mechanisms of action by intervening with hormone receptors, signalling transduction pathway, hormonal biosynthesis, transport, distribution, metabolism process and epigenetic modifications. Exposure to endocrine disruptors can cause a variety of reproductive health problems, such as changes in sex hormone levels, infertility, and ultimately cellular damage to the reproductive organs. This overview covers the different modes of action by which these agents interact with the body's endocrine system. However, the main objective is to ascertain the negative biological effects of some dominant endocrine disruptors, for example bisphenols, dioxins, pesticides, phthalates, drugs and phytoestrogens on female reproductive organs when used to induce reproductive health risks related to early puberty, altered menstrual cycle, altered ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis, polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis based on various in vitro, in vivo and clinical examinations.

Background- Replacing invasive chelating therapy by non-invasive oral therapy against arsenic poisoning is indispensable because of the side effects of chelating agents. Aim- The present study was framed to achieve whether n-butanol fraction of Moringa oleifera seed (NB) could repair utero-damages following arsenisation. Methods- The arsenic-treated (10 mg/kg BW) rats received a dose of 50 mg/kg NB. The possible active components present in NB were investigated via HPLC-MS. Analysis of enzymatic antioxidants was accomplished by native gel electrophoresis. Pro and anti-inflammatory indicators were assessed by RT-PCR, and Western blot. ESR-α was detected via immunostaining. Results- Arsenicated rats showed significant augmentation in lipid peroxidation with decreased antioxidant enzymes activities which were considerably reversed by NB administration. Weak ESR-α expression along with distorted uterine histomorphology were retrieved by NB. Altered protein expression along with mRNA expression of inflammatory and apoptotic markers were also significantly recovered by NB. Molecular docking predicted that glucomoringin and methyl glucosinolate of Moringa interacts with the catalytic site of caspase-3 in the way of limiting its activity. Conclusion- NB was successful in restoring the arsenic-mediated uterine hypo-function. The glucomoringin and methyl glucosinolate presents in n-butanol fraction may play a critical role in limiting apoptotic event in arsenicated uterus.