Summary In 31 patients with carcinoma of the breast the phenotype and activation status of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was analysed by flow cytometry. The predominant cells, in all patients, were T lymphocytes and in the majority of cases CD8 + (cytotoxic/suppressor) T lymphocytes were present in greater numbers than CD4+ (helper) T lymphocytes. There was no relationship between the degree of lymphocytic infiltration and either tumour stage or grade but there appeared to be an inverse correlation with the levels of oestrogen receptor (ER) in the tumour (P<0.01). Both populations of T cells had significantly higher numbers of cells carrying HLA DR (class II major histocompatibility antigen) than the equivalent populations in peripheral blood from the same patient group (P<0.001). The transferrin receptor was found on similar numbers of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and among the tumour infiltrating lymphocytes while more of the CD4+ T cells infiltrating the tumour were found to carry this receptor (P=0.034). The Tac (CD25) antigen was also on similar numbers of CD8 + T cells from both peripheral blood and the tumour but was on fewer of the CD4+ T cells in the tumour with respect to peripheral blood (P = 0.029). In both TILs and blood lymphocytes, the Tac antigen was consistently present on greater numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes than on the CD8+ T lymphocytes (P<0.001) and as this is a component of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor this may be of relevance to the use of IL-2 in TIL cancer therapy.Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and in particular their response to interleukin 2 (IL-2), have attracted considerable interest in recent years because of their possible therapeutic potential (for reviews see Oldham et al., 1989;Rosenberg et al., 1989). It was first suggested by MacCarty (1922), on the basis of his observations on patients with gastric carcinoma, that lymphoid infiltration in breast tumours was a sign of host resistance. This appeared to be supported by the study of medullary carcinoma, which often has a marked lymphocytic infiltrate and has a particularly good prognosis (Moore & Foote, 1949). However, as Richardson (1956)

The focus of this paper centers on the condition assessment of 11kV-33kV distribution circuit breakers from the analysis of their trip coil current signatures captured using an innovative condition monitoring technology developed by others. Using available expert knowledge in conjunction with a structured process of data mining, thresholds associated with features representing each stage of a circuit breaker's operation may be defined and used to characterize varying states of circuit breaker condition. Knowledge and understanding of satisfactory and unsatisfactory breaker condition can be gained and made explicit from the analysis of captured trip signature data and subsequently used to form the basis of condition assessment and diagnostic rules implemented in a decision support system, used to inform condition-based decisions affecting circuit breaker maintenance. This paper proposes a data mining method for the analysis of condition monitoring data, and demonstrates this method in its discovery of useful knowledge from trip coil data captured from a population of SP Power System's in-service circuit breakers. This knowledge then forms the basis of a decision support system for the condition assessment of these circuit breakers during routine trip testing.

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A one-pot cascade reaction for the synthesis of 2-BMIDA 6,5-bicyclic heterocycles has been developed using Cu(i)/Pd(0)/Cu(ii) catalysis. 2-Iodoanilines and phenols undergo a Cu(i)/Pd(0)-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction with ethynyl BMIDA followed by in situ Cu(ii)-catalyzed 5-endo-dig cyclization to generate heterocyclic scaffolds with a BMIDA functional group in the 2-position. The method provides efficient access to borylated indoles, benzofurans, and aza-derivatives, which can be difficult to access through alternative methods.

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