No abstract

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the prevalence and risk of chronic conditions in former elite cricketers compared to a normal population, and describe wellbeing in former elite cricketers.DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsFormer elite cricketers, recruited from the Professional Cricketers’ Association, completed a self-report cross-sectional questionnaire. The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) served as the normal population. The prevalence of self-reported, GP-diagnosed conditions (heart problems, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, asthma, dementia, osteoarthritis (OA), total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR), anxiety, depression) were reported for both population samples. Standardised morbidity ratios (SMRs) compared chronic conditions in sex-, age- and BMI-matched former cricketers (n = 113) and normal population (n = 4496).ResultsHeart problems were reported by 13.3% of former cricketers, significantly lower than the normal population, SMR 0.55 (0.33–0.91). Former cricketers reported 31.9% hypertension, 1.8% stroke, 6.2% diabetes, 15.0% asthma, and no dementia, none significantly different to the normal population. OA, THR, and TKR were reported by 51.3%, 14.7% and 10.7% of former cricketers, respectively, significantly higher than the normal population, SMRs 3.64 (2.81–4.71), 3.99 (2.21–7.20) and 3.84 (1.92–7.68). Anxiety and depression were reported by 12.4% and 8.8% of former cricketers, respectively, SMRs 3.95 (2.34–6.67) and 2.22 (1.20–4.14). 97% of former cricketers reflected they would undertake their cricket career again, 98% agreed that cricket enriched their lives.ConclusionsHeart problems were significantly lower, while OA, THR, TKR, anxiety, and depression were significantly higher in the former cricketers compared to the normal population (ELSA). Most former cricketers reflected positively on their career.

No abstract

No abstract

K E Y w O R D s. Nickel-base superalloys, Ashby-Brown contrast, moirt fringe imaging, convergent beam electron diffraction, coherency strains, misfit measurement. S U M M A R YThis paper considers the various methods available for the measurement of small values of in-situ lattice misfit between a coherent particle and the matrix. Examination of such misfits by Asby-Brown contrast imaging, moire fringe measurements, lattice fringe imaging and convergent beam electron diffraction (C.B.E.D.) is considered, and the results obtained by these techniques are compared. In addition the nature of the strain fields in the matrix adjacent to a coherent misfitting particle is examined using C.B.E.D. I N T R O D U C T I O NThe long-term stability at high temperatures of precipitation hardened alloys is determined by the coarsening behaviour of the precipitate phase. It is clear that this coarsening will be largely determined by the interfacial energy between matrix and precipitate, and that for coherent precipitates, the lower the lattice misfit the more slowly ripening will occur. It is thus of fundamental technological significance to possess accurate information about misfits if alloy performance is to be optimized. Conventionally, misfit data are obtained by X-ray techniques; such an approach may, however, have limitations (e.g. Ecob et al., 1982). This paper therefore considers the techniques available for the in-situ measurement of misfit in thin foil specimens. In addition, the low temperature strength of precipitation hardened alloys is affected by the coherency strain fields around the second phase particles, and the magnitude and symmetry of these strains are also examined in the present work.A number of techniques exist for the TEM examination of the lattice strains caused by a misfitting, coherent second phase particle within an elastically deformed matrix.The familiar strain contrast approach of Ashby & Brown (1963a, b) has been successfully used for the measurement of in-situ misfit (E), for the case of small spherical particles (radius ro) in a homogeneous matrix. Quantitative analysis of the strain fields observed when a single strong g-vector is operative requires the application of two-beam dynamical theory, using a column approximation. This theory predicts that the strain field image width is a function of (~gr3/5,), where 5, is the relevant extinction distance. If g, rn and cg are unknown, the sign and magnitude of E can be estimated.However, the technique of Ashby & Brown can result in misleading results if non-spherical particles are examined (e.g. Sass et al., 1967), or if the effects of matrix anisotropy are not fully allowed for. Degischer (1972), for example, measured the misfit between Co-rich precipitates and a Cu-rich matrix as 0.010 k 0.002, having taken matrix anisotropy into account, while 'i' 1983 The Royal Microscopical Society 327